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ਲਾਈਨ 1:
{{Infobox Writing system
|name = International Phonetic Alphabet
ਲਾਈਨ 57 ⟶ 53:
<!-- Without any citations, the following paragraph is OR:
Although the IPA diacritics are fully [[Featural alphabet|featural]], there is little systemicity in the letter forms. A [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] articulation is consistently indicated with a right-swinging tail, as in {{IPA|‹ɖ ʂ ɳ›}}, and [[glottalic ingressive|implosion]] by a top hook, {{IPA|‹ɓ ɗ ɠ›}}, but other pseudo-featural elements are due to haphazard derivation and coincidence. For example, all nasal consonants but uvular {{IPA|‹ɴ›}} are based on the form {{IPA|‹n›}}: {{IPA|‹m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ›}}. However, the similarity between {{IPA|‹m›}} and {{IPA|‹n›}} is a historical accident, {{IPA|‹ɲ›}} and {{IPA|‹ŋ›}} are derived from [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]s of ''gn'' and ''ng,'' and {{IPA|‹ɱ›}} is an ''ad hoc'' imitation of {{IPA|‹ŋ›}}. In none of these is the form consistent with other letters that share these places of articulation.{{OR|date=October 2008}}-->
=== Special notes for Punjabi ===
Punjabi is rather unique for an Indo-European language in that tones are a prominent feature of speech. As such, the IPA conversion is not accurate for Punjabi. Fortunately, there is a direct correlation between certain aspirated consonants and use of subscript /ha/ to represent different tones.
==== Voiced aspirates ====
The consonants that are employed for voiced aspirates in other Indian languages are not prounced as such in Punjabi. In Punjabi these consonants are used to mark changes in tone. The table below indicates how each consonant is pronounced based on its position within a word.
{|class='wikitable'
|-align='center'
!Consonant !! Beginning of word !! All other positions
|-align='center'
|{{lang|pa|ਘ}} || {{lang|pa|ਕ}} <br />{{IPA|[k]}}|| {{lang|pa|ਗ}} <br />{{IPA|[g]}}
|-align='center'
|{{lang|pa|ਝ}} || {{lang|pa|ਚ}} <br />{{IPA|[ʧ]}}|| {{lang|pa|ਜ}} <br />{{IPA|[ʤ]}}
|-align='center'
|{{lang|pa|ਢ}} || {{lang|pa|ਟ}} <br />{{IPA|[ʈ]}}|| {{lang|pa|ਡ}} <br />{{IPA|[ɖ]}}
|-align='center'
|{{lang|pa|ਧ}} || {{lang|pa|ਤ}} <br />{{IPA|[t̪]}}|| {{lang|pa|ਦ}} <br />{{IPA|[d̪]}}
|-align='center'
|{{lang|pa|ਭ}} || {{lang|pa|ਪ}} <br />{{IPA|[p]}}|| {{lang|pa|ਬ}} <br />{{IPA|[b]}}
|}
At the beginning or middle of a word, a voiced aspirate indicates a low tone on the following vowel. Examples:
* {{lang|pa|ਘੋੜਾ}} {{IPA|[gʱoːɽaː]}} is actually pronounced {{IPA|[kòːɽaː]}}
* {{lang|pa|ਪਘਾਰਨਾ}} {{IPA|[pəgʱaːrnaː]}} is actally pronounced {{IPA|[pəgàːrnaː]}}
* {{lang|pa|ਮਘਾਣਾ}} {{IPA|[məgʱaːɳaː]}} is actually pronounced {{IPA|[məgàːɳaː]}}
At the end of the word (stem-final), the voiced aspirates indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:
* {{lang|pa|ਕੁਝ}} {{IPA|[kuʤʱ]}} is actually pronounced {{IPA|[kúʤ]}}
==== Ha ====
At the beginning of a word, {{lang|pa|ਹ}} indicates {{IPA|[ha]}}.
In the middle or at the end of a word, ha indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:
* {{lang|pa|ਚਾਹ}} {{IPA|[ʧaːh]}} is actually pronounced {{IPA|[ʧáː]}}
Subscript ha also indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:
* {{lang|pa|ਪੜ੍ਹ}} {{IPA|[pəɽʱ]}} is actually pronounced {{IPA|[pə́ɽ]}}
The following conventions apply apart from at the beginning of a word:
* {{lang|pa|ਿਹ}} converts into a high tone {{lang|pa|ੇ}} (e.g. {{lang|pa|ਸਿਹਤ}} is pronounced {{lang|pa|ਸੇਤ}} {{IPA|[séːt̪]}}).
* {{lang|pa|'ੁਹ}} converts into a high tone {{lang|pa|ੋ}} (e.g. {{lang|pa|ਸੁਹਣਾ}} is pronounced {{lang|pa|ਸੋਣਾ}} {{IPA|[sóːɳaː]}}).
* {{lang|pa|'ਹਿ}} converts into a high tone {{lang|pa|ੈ}} (e.g. {{lang|pa|ਸ਼ਹਿਰ}} is pronounced {{lang|pa|ਸ਼ੈਰ}} {{IPA|[ɕǽr]}}).
* {{lang|pa|'ਹੁ}} converts into a high tone {{lang|pa|ੌ}} (e.g. {{lang|pa|ਬਹੁਤ}} is pronounced {{lang|pa|ਬੌਤ}} {{IPA|[bɔ́t̪]}}).
;References
* Teach Yourself Panjabi ISBN 1-07143161-6 (p16, 19-21)
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3110106000&id=bZi64Oi8mDMC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=Panjabi+tones&sig=MpZMVUsRicAux4I1U5KHlyuzQJs]
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415183448&id=DGQoeGxtjKsC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Panjabi+tones&sig=rWMja6QjjmmOKSJnlXoRbWSyKKA]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/sitbv3/reader/103-5559521-8355055?asin=0195079930&pageID=S0CG&checkSum=Sa6y3hOsEuN9nhFQP3DTiBTROxlFSyxvZVvnRorWCXg=]
== Nasalisation ==
{|class='wikitable'
|-align='center'
!ISO 15919 !!IPA !!Devanagari !!Bengali !!Gurmukhi !!Gujarati !!Oriya !!Tamil !!Telugu !! Kannada !! Malayalam !! Sinhala
|-align='center'
|ṁ{{ref|nasal-binditippi}} || {{IPA|?}} || ं || ং || ਂ || ં || ଂ || ஂ || ం || ಂ || ം{{ref|nasal-mal}} || ං
|-align='center'
|ṃ{{ref|nasal-binditippi}} || {{IPA|?}} || - || - || ੰ || - ||- || - || - || - || - || -
|-align='center'
|m̐{{ref|nasal-candrabindu}} || {{IPA|?}} || ँ || ঁ || ਁ || ઁ || ଁ || - || - || - || - || -
|}
* {{note|nasal-binditippi}} The signs ṁ and ṃ are essentially identical. However, Gurmukhi has two separate nasal characters and if this distinction is to be retained separate identifiers must be used.
=== Symbols and sounds ===
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