ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ: ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ

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ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਫ਼ਲਕਿਅਤ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਵੀ ਜਾਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਾਇੰਸ ਹੈ। ਫ਼ਲਕਿਅਤ [[ਖ਼ਲਾ]] ਵਿਚ ਮੁਖ਼ਤਲਿਫ਼ ਚੀਜ਼ਾ ਮਸਲਨ [[ਸੂਰਜ]], [[ਚੰਦ]] ਅਤੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਸਿਆਰੇ ਤੇ ਸਿਤਾਰਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸਾਇੰਸ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਸਿਆਰਿਆਂ, ਸਿਤਾਰਿਆਂ ਤੇ ਖ਼ਲਾ ਵਿਚ ਦੂਜੀ ਚੀਜ਼ਾ ਦੀ ਬਨਾਵਟ ਅਤੇ ਉਹ ਕਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਬਣੇ ਅਤੇ ਕਿਉਂ ਬਣੇ ਦੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਚ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ।
:''ਇਹ ਲੇਖ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੈ। ਰਸਾਲੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਲਈ [[Astronomy (magazine)]] ਵੇਖੋ।''
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[[ਤਸਵੀਰ:Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Lunar astronomy: the large crater is [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]], photographed by the crew of [[Apollo 11]] as they circled the [[ਚੰਦਰਮਾ]] in 1969. Located near the center of the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of Earth's Moon, its diameter is about 58 miles (93 km).]]
 
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'''ਤਾਰਾ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: αστρονομία = άστρον + [[nomos|νόμος]], ''astronomia'' = ''astron'' + ''nomos'', ਸ਼ਬਦੀ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ, ''"[[ਤਾਰਾ|ਤਾਰਿਆਂ]] ਦੇ [[ਕਾਨੂੰਨ]]"'') ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਇੱਕ ਅਰਸ਼ੀ [[ਵਿਗਿਆਨ] ਦੀ ਦੁਨਿਆਂ ਹੈ। It studies the [[Cosmology|origins]], [[Galaxy formation and evolution|evolution]], and [[Astrophysics|physical]] and [[chemical]] properties of celestial objects. In short, Astronomy is about finding out what is going on beyond Earth. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with a scientific methodology existing at the time of [[Ancient Greece]] and advanced observation techniques possibly much earlier (see [[archaeoastronomy]]).
 
Astronomy is one of the few sciences where [[amateur astronomy|amateurs]] can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and monitoring of transient [[phenomena]]. Astronomy is not to be confused with [[astrology]], which assumes that people's destiny and human affairs in general are correlated to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky -- although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers embrace the [[scientific method]], while astrologers do not.
 
== ਭਾਗ ==
 
In [[ancient Greece]] and other early civilizations, astronomy consisted largely of [[astrometry]], measuring positions of stars and planets in the sky. Later, the work of [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], whose work led to the development of [[celestial mechanics]], mathematically predicting the motions of celestial bodies interacting under gravity, and [[solar system]] objects in particular. Much of the effort in these two areas, once done largely by hand, is highly automated nowadays, to the extent that they are rarely considered as independent disciplines anymore. Motions and positions of objects are now more easily determined, and modern astronomy is more concerned with observing and understanding the actual physical nature of celestial objects.
 
Since the twentieth century, the field of professional astronomy has split into [[observational astronomy]] and [[theoretical astrophysics]]. Although most astronomers incorporate elements of both into their research, because of the different skills involved, most professional astronomers tend to specialize in one or the other. Observational astronomy is concerned mostly with acquiring data, which involves building and maintaining instruments and processing the resulting information; this branch is at times referred to as "astrometry" or simply as "astronomy". Theoretical astrophysics is concerned mainly with ascertaining the observational implications of different models, and involves working with computer or analytic models.
 
The fields of study can also be categorized in other ways. Categorization by the region of space under study (for example, Galactic astronomy, Planetary Sciences); by subject, such as star formation or cosmology; or by the method used for obtaining information.
 
=== ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਜਾਂ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ਹੱਲ਼ ਨਾਲ ===
 
[[ਤਸਵੀਰ:dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Planetary astronomy, or Planetary Sciences: a [[dust devil]] on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. Photographed by [[Mars Global Surveyor]], the long dark streak is formed by a moving swirling column of Martian atmosphere (with similarities to a terrestrial [[tornado]]). The dust devil itself (the black spot) is climbing the crater wall. The streaks on the right are sand dunes on the crater floor.]]
 
* [[Astrometry]]: the study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the [[kinematics]] of objects in our galaxy.
* [[Astrophysics]]: the study of physics of the universe, including the physical properties ([[luminosity]], [[density]], [[temperature]], [[Chemistry|chemical composition]]) of astronomical objects.
* [[Cosmology]]: the study of the origin of the universe and its evolution. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
* [[Galaxy formation and evolution]]: the study of the formation of the galaxies, and their evolution.
* [[Galactic astronomy]]: the study of the structure and components of our galaxy and of other galaxies.
* [[Extragalactic astronomy]]: the study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our galaxy.
* [[Stellar astronomy]]: the study of the stars.
* [[Stellar evolution]]: the study of the evolution of stars from their formation to their end as a stellar remnant.
* [[Star formation]]: the study of the condition and processes that led to the formation of stars in the interior of gas clouds, and the process of formation itself.
* [[Planetary Sciences]]: the study of the [[planet]]s of the [[Solar System]].
* [[Astrobiology]]: the study of the advent and evolution of biological systems in the Universe.
 
ਹੋਰ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ, ਜਿੰਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤਾਰਾ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਭਾਗ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ:
 
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
* [[Astrochemistry]]
* [[Astrosociobiology]]
* [[Astrophilosophy]]
See the [[list of astronomical topics]] for a more exhaustive list of astronomy-related pages.
 
=== ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਪਰਾਪਤੀ ਦੇ ਢੰਗ ===
[[ਤਸਵੀਰ:USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Radio telescope]]s are among many different tools used by astronomers]]
 
:''Main article:'' [[Observational astronomy]].
 
In astronomy, [[information]] is mainly received from the detection and analysis of [[electromagnetic radiation]] and
[[photon]]s, but information is also carried by [[cosmic ray]]s, [[neutrino]]s, [[meteor]]s, and, in the near future, [[gravitational wave]]s (see [[LIGO]] and [[LISA (astronomy)|LISA]]).
 
A traditional division of astronomy is given by the region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] observed:
 
* [[Optical astronomy]] is the part of astronomy that uses specialized equipment to detect and analyze [[light]] in and slightly around the [[wavelength]]s that can be detected with the [[eye]]s (about 400 - 800 nm). The most common tool is the [[telescope]], with [[electronic imager]]s and [[spectrograph]]s.
* [[Infrared astronomy]] deals with the detection and analysis of infrared radiation (wavelengths longer than red light). The most common tool is the [[telescope]] but with the instrument optimized for infrared. [[Space telescope]]s are also used to eliminate noise (electromagnetic interference) from the atmosphere.
* [[Radio astronomy]] detects [[radiation]] of millimetre to dekametre wavelength. The receivers are similar to those used in [[radio]] broadcast transmission but much more sensitive. See also [[Radio telescope]]s.
* [[High-energy astronomy]] includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and extreme UV (ultraviolet) astronomy, as well as studies of neutrinos and cosmic rays.
 
Optical and radio astronomy can be performed with ground-based [[observatory|observatories]], because the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] is transparent at the wavelengths being detected. Infrared light is heavily absorbed by [[water vapor]], so infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places or in space.
 
The atmosphere is opaque at the wavelengths used by [[X-ray astronomy]], [[gamma-ray astronomy]], [[UV astronomy]] and (except for a few wavelength "windows") [[Far infrared astronomy]], so observations
must be carried out mostly from [[balloon]]s or [[space observatory|space observatories]]. Powerful [[gamma ray]]s can, however be detected by the large [[air shower (physics)|air showers]] they produce, and the study of [[cosmic ray]]s can also be regarded as a branch of astronomy.
 
== ਤਾਰਾ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਹਾਸ ==
 
[[ਤਸਵੀਰ:grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Extragalactic astronomy: [[gravitational lensing]]. This image shows several blue, loop-shaped objects that are multiple images of the same galaxy, duplicated by the gravitational lens effect of the cluster of yellow galaxies near the photograph's center. The lens is produced by the cluster's gravitational field that bends light to magnify and distort the image of a more distant object.]]
 
:''Main article: [[History of astronomy]].''
 
In early times, astronomy only comprised the observation and predictions of the motions of the naked-eye objects. Aristotle said that the Earth was the center of the Universe and everything rotated around it in orbits that were perfect circles. Aristotle had to be right because people thought that Earth had to be in the center with everything rotating around it because the wind would not scatter leaves, and birds would only fly in one direction. For a long time, people thought that Aristotle was right, but it is probable that Aristotle accidentally did more to hinder our knowledge than help it.
The [[Rigveda]] refers to the 27 [[constellations]] associated with the motions of the sun and also the 12 [[Zodiac|zodiacal]] divisions of the sky. The [[Hellenic civilization|ancient Greeks]] made important contributions to astronomy, among them the definition of the [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]] system. The [[Bible]] contains a number of statements on the position of the earth in the universe and the nature of the stars and planets, most of which are poetic rather than literal; see [[Biblical cosmology]]. In [[500|500 AD]], [[Aryabhata]] presented a mathematical system that described the earth as spinning on its axis and considered the motions of the planets with respect to the sun.
 
Observational astronomy was mostly stagnant in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Europe]], but flourished in the [[Iran]]ian world and other parts of Islamic realm. The late [[9th century]] Persian astronomer [[al-Farghani]] wrote extensively on the motion of celestial bodies. His work was translated into [[Latin]] in the [[12th century]]. In the late [[10th century]], a huge [[observatory]] was built near [[Tehran]], [[Persian Empire|Persia]] (now [[Iran]]), by the Persian astronomer [[al-Khujandi]], who observed a series of [[meridian (astronomy)|meridian]] [[astronomical transit|transits]] of the Sun, which allowed him to calculate the [[axial tilt|obliquity]] of the [[ecliptic]]. Also in Persia, [[Omar Khayyám]] performed a reformation of the [[calendar]] that was more accurate than the [[Julian Calendar|Julian]] and came close to the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]]. [[Abraham Zacuto]] was responsible in the 15th century for the adaptations of astronomical theory for the practical needs of Portuguese caravel expeditions.
 
During the [[Renaissance]], [[Copernicus]] proposed a [[heliocentric model]] of the [[Solar System]]. His work was defended, expanded upon, and corrected by [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Johannes Kepler]]. Galileo added the innovation of using [[telescope]]s to enhance his observations. Kepler was the first to devise a system that described correctly the details of the motion of the planets with the Sun at the center. However, Kepler did not succeed in formulating a theory behind the laws he wrote down. It was left to [[Sir Isaac Newton|Newton's]] invention of [[celestial dynamics]] and his [[gravity|law of gravitation]] to finally explain the motions of the [[planet]]s. Newton also developed the [[reflecting telescope]].
 
Stars were found to be faraway objects. With the advent of [[spectroscopy]] it was proved that they were similar to our own sun, but with a wide range of [[temperature]]s, [[mass]]es, and sizes. The existence of our [[galaxy]], the [[Milky Way]], as a separate group of stars was only proven in the [[20th century]], along with the existence of "external" galaxies, and soon after, the [[expansion]] of the [[universe]], seen in the recession of most galaxies from us. Modern astronomy has also discovered many exotic objects such as [[quasar]]s, [[pulsar]]s, [[blazar]]s and [[radio galaxy|radio galaxies]], and has used these observations to develop physical theories which describe some of these objects in terms of equally exotic objects such as [[black hole]]s and [[neutron star]]s. [[Physical cosmology]] made huge advances during the 20th century, with the model of the [[Big Bang]] heavily supported by the evidence provided by astronomy and physics, such as the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]], [[Hubble's Law]], and [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis|cosmological abundances of elements]].
 
== ਤਾਰਾ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ-ਕਾਲ ==
 
[[ਤਸਵੀਰ:ant.nebula.arp.600pix.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Stellar astronomy, Stellar Evolution: The [[Mz3|Ant planetary nebula]]. Ejecting gas from the dying center star shows symmetrical patterns unlike the chaotic patterns of ordinary explosions.]]
 
* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes|Artificial satellites and space probes]]
* [[Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys|Astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys]]
* [[Timeline of the Big Bang|Big Bang]]
* [[Timeline of black hole physics|Black hole physics]]
* [[Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy|Cosmic microwave background astronomy]]
* [[Timeline of cosmology|Cosmology]]
* [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure|Galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]]
* [[Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium|Interstellar medium and intergalactic medium]]
* [[Timeline of natural satellites|Natural satellites]]
* [[Timeline of other background radiation fields|Other background radiation fields]]
* [[Timeline of solar astronomy|Solar astronomy]]
* [[Timeline of solar system astronomy|Solar system astronomy]]
* [[Timeline of stellar astronomy|Stellar astronomy]]
* [[Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology|Telescopes, observatories, and observing technology]]
* [[Timeline of the Universe|Universe]]
* [[Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae|White dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae]]
 
== ਇਹ ਵੀ ਵੇਖੋ ==
 
* '''[[List of astronomical topics]]'''
* [[Astronomer|Astronomers and Astrophysicists]]
* [[Cycles#Astronomical cycles|Astronomical cycles]]
* [[Astronomical naming conventions]]
* [[Astronomical object]]
* [[:Category:Astronomical observatories|Astronomical observatories]]
* [[:Category:Astronomy organizations|Astronomy organizations]]
* [[Astronomical symbols]]
* [[Space science]]
* [[Celestial navigation]]
 
=== ਤਾਰਾ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਸੰਦ ===
 
* [[Binoculars]]
* [[Telescope]]
* [[Computers]]
* [[Calculator]]
* [[Observatory]]
* [[Space observatory]]
* [[Maksutov telescope]]
 
== ਬਾਹਰੀ ਸਬੰਧ ==
{{sisterlinks|Astronomy}}
 
* [http://www.dailyastronomy.com/ Astronomy News] - Daily Astronomy provides current news and information pertaining to all areas of astronomy, plus free news feeds for webmasters.
 
=== ਸੰਗਠਨ ===
* [http://www.aavso.org/ American Association of Variable Star Observers]
* [http://www.aas.org/ American Astronomical Society]
* [http://www.astrosociety.org/ Astronomical Society of the Pacific]
* [http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/ Astronomical Society of Southern Africa]
* [http://www.assne.org/ Astronomical Society of Southern New England]
* [http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/ Cassini Imaging Laboratory] - Stunning images of the planets taken by the Cassini exploratory spacecraft
* [http://www.astro.cz/ Czech Astronomical Society]
* [http://www.drastronomy.com/ Durham Region Astronomical Association]
* [http://www.eso.org/ European Southern Observatory]
* [http://www.hawastsoc.org/ Hawaiian Astronomical Society]
* [http://www.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics]
* [http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/ Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]
* [http://www.noao.edu/ National Optical Astronomy Observatories]
* [http://www.nyaa-starfest.com/ North York Astronomical Association]
* [http://open-site.org/Science/Astronomy/ Open Encyclopedia Project] - Astronomy Section.
* [http://www.rasc.ca/ Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]
* [http://www.ras.org.uk/ Royal Astronomical Society (UK)]
* [http://www.rasnz.org.nz/ Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand]
* [http://www.slasonline.org/ Saint Louis Astronomical Society]
* [http://www.astrophysical.org/ Scientia Astrophysical Organization]
* [http://www.popastro.com/ Society for Popular Astronomy (UK)]
* [http://www.iayc.org/ International Astronomy Youth Camp (IAYC)]
 
=== ਹਵਾਲਾ: ਫਾਰਮੂਲੇ ਅਤੇ ਸਥਿਰ ਅੰਕ ===
* [http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astrofor.html Astronomy Formulas]
* [http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astro.html Astronomical Constants Index]
* [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/ Zombeck's ''Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics'']
 
=== ਹੋਰ ਬਾਹਰੀ ਸੰਪਰਕ ===
 
* [http://www.astroclubul.org/emilneata Deep Sky Astronomy]
* [http://www.absoluteastronomy.com Astronomy facts and information]
* [http://www.astrometry.org Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics]
* [http://www.facts-and-figures.org/html/astronomy.php Astronomy sites for educators]
* [http://www.wissen-news.de Astronomy news] (ger.)
* [http://xxx.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Astrophysics e-Print Database]
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day]
* [http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/ Bruce Medalists (annual astronomical award since 1898)]
* [http://physics.unr.edu/grad/welser/astro/arab.html Islamic and Arab Astronomy]
* [http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html University of Ottawa's Astronomy Knowledge Base]
* [http://www.space.com Space.com] A popular site for Astronomy
* [http://www.auroresboreales.com About northern lights]
* [http://www.universetoday.com Universe Today] Space and astronomy news
* [http://virtualsky.org/index.html Virtual Sky] A portal to images of the night sky
* [http://nightskylive.net NightSky Live] NSL Project Home
* [http://jumk.de/astronomie/astronomy.shtml About stars and planets]
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