ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ): ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ

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ਲਾਈਨ 1:
{{Infobox planet
| name = ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (Venus)
| symbol = [[File:Venus symbol.svg|25px|alt=The Venusian symbol, a circle with a small equal-armed cross beneath it|ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਦਾ ਖਗੋਲੀ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ]]
| image = Venus-real color.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| alt=Venus in approximately true colour, a nearly uniform pale cream, although the image has been processed to bring out details.<ref name="Lakdawalla2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002105/ |title=Venus Looks More Boring Than You Think It Does |work=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=21 September 2009 |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> The planet's disc is about three-quarters illuminated. Almost no variation or detail can be seen in the clouds.
| caption = ''[[ਮਰੀਨਰ 10]]'' ਦੁਆਰਾ ਖਿੱਚੀ ਗਈ ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ ਦੀ ਲਗਭਗ ਬਿਲਕੁਲ ਸਹੀ ਰੰਗਾਂ ਵਾਲੀ ਤਸਵੀਰ। ਇਸਦੇ ਤਲ ਉੱਪਰ ਮੋਟੇ [[ਸਲਫ਼ਿਊਰਿਕ ਐਸਿਡ|ਸਲਫ਼ਿਊਰਿਕ ਐਸਿਡ]] ਦੇ ਬੱਦਲ ਹਨ।
| orbit_ref =<ref name="fact" /><ref name="horizons" />
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| aphelion =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|0.728213|ul=AU}}
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|108939000|u=km}}}}
}}
| perihelion =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|0.718440|u=AU}}
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|107477000|u=km}}}}
}}
| semimajor =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|0.723332|u=AU}}
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|108208000|u=km}}}}
}}
| eccentricity = 0.006772<ref name="VSOP87" />
| period =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|224.701|u=day}}<ref name="fact" />
* {{val|0.615198|u=[[ਜੂਲੀਅਨ ਸਾਲ (ਖਗੋਲ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)|ਸਾਲ]]}}
* 1.92 ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ [[ਸੂਰਜੀ ਦਿਨ]]
}}
| synodic_period = 583.92 ਦਿਨ<ref name="fact" />
| avg_speed = 35.02&nbsp;ਕਿਮੀ/ਸੈਕਿੰਡ
| inclination =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|3.39458|u=°}} to [[ecliptic]]
* 3.86° to [[Sun]]'s [[equator]]
* 2.19° to [[invariable plane]]<ref name="meanplane" />
}}
| asc_node = 76.680°<ref name="VSOP87" />
| arg_peri = 54.884°
| mean_anomaly = 50.115°
| satellites = None
| allsatellites=yes
| physical_characteristics = yes
| mean_radius =
{{plainlist |
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|6051.8|1.0|u=km}}}}<ref name="Seidelmann2007" />
* {{val|0.9499|u=Earths}}
}}
| flattening = 0<ref name="Seidelmann2007" />
| surface_area =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|4.6023|e=8|u=km2}}
* 0.902 Earths
}}
| volume =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|9.2843|e=11|u=km3}}
* 0.866 Earths
}}
| mass =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|4.8675|e=24|u=kg}}<ref name="Konopliv1999" />
* 0.815 Earths
}}
| density = {{val|5.243|u=g/cm3}}
| surface_grav =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|8.87|u=m/s2}}
* {{nowrap|0.904 ''[[g-force|g]]''}}
}}
| escape_velocity = {{convert|10.36|km/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par |title=Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=5 November 2008 |accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref>
| sidereal_day = {{val|-243.025|u=day}} <small>([[Retrograde motion|retrograde]])</small><ref name="fact" />
| rot_velocity = {{convert|6.52|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}}<!--Since rot. vel. = circumference/sidereal day, and circumference is 2πr, rot. vel. = 2π6051km/243.025*24h = 6.52 km/h-->
| axial_tilt = 2.64° <small>(for [[Retrograde motion|retrograde]] rotation)</small><br />177.36° (to orbit)<ref name=fact/><ref group=note>Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts [[Ishtar Terra]] in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the [[right-hand rule]] for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.</ref>
| right_asc_north_pole =
{{plainlist |
* {{RA|18|11|2}}
* 272.76°<ref name="iauwg_ccrsps2000" />
}}
| declination = 67.16°
| albedo =
{{plainlist |
* 0.689 ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]])<ref name="fact" />
* 0.77 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]])<ref name="fact" />
* 0.65 ([[Visual geometric albedo|visual geometric]])
}}
| magnitude = −4.9<ref name="MallamaSky" /><ref name="JPL-Horizons" /> (crescent) to −3.8<ref name="ephemeris" /> (full)
| angular_size = {{nowrap|9.7″–66.0″}}<ref name="fact" />
| temperatures = yes
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| mean_temp_1 = 737&nbsp;K<ref name="fact" />
| temp_name2 = Celsius
| mean_temp_2 = 462&nbsp;°C
| mean_name3 = [[Fahrenheit]]
| mean_temp_3 = {{convert|864|°F|°C|abbr=on}}
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Venus.ogg|ˈ|v|iː|n|ə|s}}
| adjectives = [[Venusian (disambiguation)|Venusian]] or (rarely) [[Cytherean]], Venerean
| atmosphere = yes
| surface_pressure = 92&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] (9.2&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|MPa]])
| atmosphere_composition =
{{plainlist |
* 96.5% [[carbon dioxide]]
* 3.5% [[nitrogen]]
* 0.015% [[sulfur dioxide]]
* 0.007% [[argon]]
* 0.002% [[water vapour]]
* 0.0017% [[carbon monoxide]]
* 0.0012% [[helium]]
* 0.0007% [[neon]]
* trace [[carbonyl sulfide]]
* trace [[hydrogen chloride]]
* trace [[hydrogen fluoride]]
}}
}}
 
[[Image:Terrestrial planet size comparisons.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਗ੍ਰਹਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ (ਖੱਬੇ ਤੋਂ ਸੱਜੇ): [[ਬੁੱਧ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ|ਬੁੱਧ]], '''ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ''', [[ਧਰਤੀ]], ਅਤੇ [[ਮੰਗਲ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ|ਮੰਗਲ]]।]]
[[ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ|ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ]] (0.7&nbsp;AU) ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਕੁ ਜਿਡਾ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਹੈ (ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ 0.815 Earth ਆਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ) ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ ਦੇ ਕੋਈ [[ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ]] ਨਹੀ ਹਨ। [[ਗ੍ਰੀਨਹਾਉਸ ਗੇਸ]] ਕਰਕੇ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ੪੦੦ ਡਿਗਰੀ ਸੈਲਸੀਅਸ ਤੱਕ ਚਲ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਗਰਮੀ ਵਾਲਾ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਹੈ।<ref>{{cite paper |author=Mark Alan Bullock |title=The Stability of Climate on Venus |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |year=1997 |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2009-02-24 }}</ref>