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[[ਹੀਟ]] ਜਾਂ [['''ਗਰਮੀ]]''', [[ਪਦਾਰਥ]] ਦੀ ਇੱਕ [[ਵਸਤੂ]] ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੋਵਾਂ [[ਦਰਮਿਆਨ]] [[ਤਾਪਮਾਨ]] ਅੰਤਰ ਕਾਰਨ ਵਹਿ ਰਹੀ [[ਊਰਜਾ]] ਦੀ [[ਮਾਤਰਾ]] ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।
 
== ਹਵਾਲੇ ==
ਲਾਈਨ 14:
* Bacon, F. (1620). ''Novum Organum Scientiarum'', translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902.
* {{cite book|last=Baierlein|first=R.|title=Thermal Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUU71spbZYC&pg=PA21|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65838-6}}
* Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American InstituteAmerican।nstitute of Physics Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-88318-797-3}}.
* [[Max Born|Born, M.]] (1949). [https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph032159mbp ''Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance''], Oxford University Press, London.
* [[George H. Bryan|Bryan, G.H.]] (1907). [https://archive.org/details/ost-physics-thermodynamicsin00bryauoft ''Thermodynamics. An IntroductoryAn।ntroductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications''], B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
* [[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985). ''Thermodynamics and an Introductionan।ntroduction to Thermostatistics'', (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, {{ISBN|0-471-86256-8}}.
* {{cite journal
|last=Carathéodory
ਲਾਈਨ 32:
* [[Rudolf Clausius|Clausius, R.]] (1854). ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' (''Poggendoff's Annalen''), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p. 481; translated in the ''Journal de Mathematiques'', vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the ''Philosophical Magazine'', August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p. 81.
* [[Rudolf Clausius|Clausius, R.]] (1865/1867). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LIEAAAAYAAJ&q=necessitating+any+other#v=snippet&q=necessitating%20any%20other&f=false ''The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies''], London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924101120883 here] and [http://www3.nd.edu/~powers/ame.20231/clausius1879.pdf here].
* De Groot, S.R., [[Peter Mazur|Mazur, P.]] (1962). ''Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics'', North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications IncPublications।nc., New York, {{ISBN|0486647412}}.
*Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). ''The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, {{ISBN|0-521-23682-7}}.
* Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). ''Entropy'', Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, {{ISBN|0-691-11338-6}}.
ਲਾਈਨ 91:
| author2-link =
| other =
| title = Introduction।ntroduction to Modern Thermodynamics
| place = Chichester UK
| publisher = Wiley
ਲਾਈਨ 105:
| isbn = 978-0-470-01598-8
}}
* Kondepudi, D., [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine, I।.]] (1998). ''Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures'', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, {{ISBN|0-471-97393-9}}.
* [[Lev Landau|Landau, L.]], [[Evgeny Lifshitz|Lifshitz, E.M.]] (1958/1969). [https://archive.org/details/StatisticalPhysics ''Statistical Physics''], volume 5 of ''Course of Theoretical Physics'', translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford.
* Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-{{ISBN|978-3-540-74252-4}}.
ਲਾਈਨ 163:
|title= Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics
|year=1965
|publisher=McGraw-Hlll, Inc।nc.
|location=New York}}
* Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). ''Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications'', Prentice Hall, London, {{ISBN|0-13-288267-1}}.
ਲਾਈਨ 182:
 
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