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ਡਾਇਰ ਭੇੜੀਆ: ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ

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"Dire wolf" ਸਫ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਕਰਕੇ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ
 
"Dire wolf" ਸਫ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਕਰਕੇ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ
ਲਾਈਨ 1:
 
'''ਡਾਇਰ ਭੇੜੀਆ''' ( ''ਕੈਨਿਸ ਡਿਰਸ'', "ਡਰਾਉਣਾ ਕੁੱਤਾ") [[ਜਿਨਸ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)|ਜੀਨਸ]] ''ਕੈਨਿਸ'' ਦੀ ਇਕ [[ਲੋਪ|ਅਲੋਪ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ]] [[ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ]] ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿਚ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਮਾਸਾਹਾਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ ਹੈ, ਇਸਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਅਲੋਪ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਪ੍ਰਾਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਬਰ-ਦੰਦਾਂ ਵਾਲੀ ''ਸਮਾਈਲਡਨ ਫੈਟਲਿਸ'' ਬਿੱਲੀ ਹੈ। ਪਛੜੇ ਪਲਾਇਸਟੋਸੀਨ ਅਤੇ ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਹੋਲੋਸੀਨ ਯੁੱਗ (125,000-9,500 ਸਾਲ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ) ਦੌਰਾਨ ਡਾਇਰ ਭੇੜੀਆ [[ਅਮਰੀਕਾ (ਮਹਾਂ-ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ)|ਅਮਰੀਕਾ]] ਵਿਚ ਪਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਪਹਿਲੇ ਕੁਝ ਨਮੂਨਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਮਿਲਣ ਤੋਂ ਚਾਰ ਸਾਲ ਬਾਅਦ ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਾਜਾਤੀ ਦਾ ਨਾਮ 1858 ਵਿਚ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੋ ਉਪ-ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਨਤਾ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੈ: ਪਹਿਲੀ ''ਕੈਨਿਸ ਡਿਰਸ ਗਿਲਦਾਈ'' ਅਤੇ ਦੂਜੀ ''ਕੈਨਿਸ'' ''ਡਿਰਸ ਡਿਰਸ'' ਆਦਿ। ਡਾਇਰ ਭੇੜੀਆ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ''ਆਰਬਰਬਸਟਰ'' ਦੇ ਭੇੜੀਏ ( ''ਕੈਨਿਸ ਆਰਬਰਬਸਟਰਿ'' ) ਤੋਂ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਦੇ [[ਪਥਰਾਟ|ਜੈਵਿਕ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ]] ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸੰਗ੍ਰਹਿ [[ਲਾਸ ਐਂਜਲਸ|ਲਾਸ ਏਂਜਲਸ]] ਦੇ ਰਾਂਚੋ ਲਾ ਬ੍ਰੀਆ ਟਾਰ ਪਿਟਸ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
 
ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਮੈਦਾਨਾਂ, ਘਾਹ ਦੇ ਮੈਦਾਨਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਜੰਗਲ ਵਾਲੇ ਕੁਝ ਪਹਾੜੀ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ , ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਸੁੱਕੇ ਸੁਨਾਹ ਵਿਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਖੇਤਰ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਭੇੜੀਏ ਦੇ ਨਿਵਾਸ ਸਥਾਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਪਾਏ ਗਏ ਹਨ। ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਤਲ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਚਾਈ {{Convert|2,255|m|ft|-1|sp=us}} ਹੈ। ਡਾਇਰ ਭੇੜੀਏ ਦੇ ਜੈਵਿਕ ਹਿੱਸੇ 42 42 ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਵਿਚ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ ਹੀ ਲੱਭੇ ਗਏ। ਇਸ ਅਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਸਿਰਫ ਪੰਜ ਗੈਰ-ਪੁਸ਼ਟੀ ਰਿਪੋਰਟਾਂ ਆਈਆਂ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਸੀਮਾ ਪ੍ਰਤਿਬੰਧ ਲੌਰੇਨਟਾਈਡ ਅਤੇ ਕੋਰਡਿਲਰਨ ਬਰਫ਼ ਦੀਆਂ ਚਾਦਰਾਂ ਜੋ ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਸੀ ਦੇ ਨਜਦੀਕੀ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ, ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਰਿਹਾਇਸ਼ੀ ਸੀਮਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਾਰਨ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
 
== ਇਹ ਵੀ ਵੇਖੋ ==
{{portal|Paleontology}}
 
* ਬਰਜੀਨੀਆ ਭੇੜੀਆ
* ਹੋਲੋਸੀਨ ਵਿਚ ਅਲੋਪ ਹੋਏ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ
 
== ਨੋਟਸ ==
{{ਹਵਾਲੇ|group=note}}
 
== ਹਵਾਲੇ ==
{{ਹਵਾਲੇ|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name=allen1876>{{cite journal |title=Description of some remains of an extinct species of wolf and an extinct species of deer from the lead region of the upper Mississippi |journal=[[American Journal of Science]] |issue=61 |pages=47–51 |year=1876 |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113474#page/56/mode/1up |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-11.61.47 |volume=s3-11|hdl=2027/hvd.32044107326068 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name=brannick2015>{{cite journal |last1=Brannick |first1=Alexandria L. |last2=Meachen |first2=Julie A. |last3=O'Keefe |first3=F. Robin |title=Microevolution of Jaw Shape in the Dire Wolf, Canis dirus, at Rancho La Brea |publisher=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |series=Science Series 42 |journal=Contributions in Science (A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea) |editor=John M. Harris |date=September 15, 2015 |pages=23–32}}</ref>
 
<ref name=carbone2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526 |pmid=18957359 |pmc=2657756 |title=Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon |journal=Biology Letters |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=81–5 |year=2009 |last1=Carbone |first1=C. |last2=Maddox |first2=T. |last3=Funston |first3=P. J. |last4=Mills |first4=M. G. L. |last5=Grether |first5=G. F. |last6=Van Valkenburgh |first6=B.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=clark2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1172873 |pmid=19661421 |title=The Last Glacial Maximum |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=594 1|pages=710–4 |year=2009 |last1=Clark |first1=P. U. |last2=Dyke |first2=A. S. |last3=Shakun |first3=J. D. |last4=Carlson |first4=A. E. |last5=Clark |first5=J. |last6=Wohlfarth |first6=B. |last7=Mitrovica |first7=J. X. |last8=Hostetler |first8=S. W. |last9=McCabe |first9=A. M.|author-link6=Barbara Wohlfarth |bibcode=2009Sci...325..710C}}</ref>
 
<ref name=coltrain2004>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.008 |title=Rancho La Brea stable isotope biogeochemistry and its implications for the palaeoecology of late Pleistocene, coastal southern California |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=205 |issue=3–4 |pages=199–219 |year=2004 |last1=Coltrain |first1=Joan Brenner |last2=Harris |first2=John M. |last3=Cerling |first3=Thure E. |last4=Ehleringer |first4=James R. |last5=Dearing |first5=Maria-Denise |last6=Ward |first6=Joy |last7=Allen |first7=Julie}}</ref>
 
<ref name=cooper2015>{{cite journal |author=Cooper, A. |year=2015 |title=Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=349 |issue=6248 |pages=602–6 |doi=10.1126/science.aac4315 |pmid=26250679|bibcode=2015Sci...349..602C }}</ref>
 
<ref name=CWRU>{{cite web |url=http://geology.cwru.edu/~huwig/catalog/slides/748.B.15.jpg |title=Rancho la Brea Tar Pool. Restoration by Bruce Horsfall for W.B. Scott |author=College of Arts and Sciences |website=Case Western Reserve University |year=2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name=desantis2015>{{cite journal |last1=DeSantis |first1=L.R.G. |last2=Schubert |first2=B.W. |last3=Schmitt-Linville |first3=E. |last4=Ungar |first4=P. |last5=Donohue |first5=S. |last6=Haupt |first6=R.J. |title=Dental microwear textures of carnivorans from the La Brea Tar Pits, California and potential extinction implications |publisher=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |series=Science Series 42 |journal=Contributions in Science (A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea) |editor=John M. Harris |date=September 15, 2015 |pages=37–52 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282253545}}</ref>
 
<ref name=dundas1999>{{cite journal |last1=Dundas |first1=R.G. |year=1999 |title=Quaternary records of the dire wolf, ''Canis dirus'', in North and South America |url=http://www.fresnostate.edu/csm/ees/documents/facstaff/dundas/publication/Dundas-1999.pdf |journal=Boreas |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=375–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00227.x}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=frick1930>{{cite journal |last1=Frick |first1=C. |title=Alaska's frozen fauna |journal=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |issue=30 |year=1930 |pages=71–80}}</ref>
 
<ref name=fox2003>{{cite journal |last1=Fox-Dobbs |first1=K. |last2=Koch |first2=P. L. |last3=Clementz |first3=M. T. |title=Lunchtime at La Brea: isotopic reconstruction of Smilodon fatalis and Canis dirus dietary patterns through time |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=23 |issue=3, Supplement |year=2003 |pages=51A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538}}</ref>
 
<ref name=fox2007>{{cite journal |doi=10.1139/Z07-018 |title=Carnivore-specific stable isotope variables and variation in the foraging ecology of modern and ancient wolf populations: Case studies from Isle Royale, Minnesota, and La Brea |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=458–471 |year=2007 |last1=Fox-Dobbs |first1=K. |last2=Bump |first2=J.K. |last3=Peterson |first3=R.O. |last4=Fox |first4=D.L. |last5=Koch |first5=P.L. |url=https://websites.pmc.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/pdfs/Koch%20papers/2007/Fox-Dobbs%20et%2007%20CJZ%2085-458/Fox-Dobbs%20et%2007%20CJZ%2085-458.pdf |accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=geist1998>{{cite book |last1=Geist |first1=Valerius |title=Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology |publisher=[[Stackpole Books]], Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |edition=1 |year=1998 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA10 |accessdate=1 May 2017 |isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0}}</ref>
 
<ref name=gold2014>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ece3.928 |pmid=24634719 |title=Attempted DNA extraction from a Rancho La Brea Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi): Prospects for ancient DNA from asphalt deposits |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=329–36 |year=2014 |last1=Gold |first1=David A. |last2=Robinson |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Farrell |first3=Aisling B. |last4=Harris |first4=John M. |last5=Thalmann |first5=Olaf |last6=Jacobs |first6=David K. |pmc=3936381}}</ref>
 
<ref name=goulet1993>{{cite thesis |last1=Goulet |first1=G. D. |title=Comparison of temporal and geographical skull variation among Nearctic, modern, Holocene, and late Pleistocene gray wolves (Canis lupus) and selected Canis |type=Master's thesis |publisher=University of Manitoba, Winnipeg |year=1993 |pages=1–116}}</ref>
 
<ref name=graham1987>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=R. W. |last2=Mead |first2=J. I. |chapter=Environmental fluctuations and evolution of mammalian faunas during the last deglaciation in North America |title=North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation |editor1-last=Ruddiman |editor1-first=W. F. |editor2-last=Wright |editor2-first=H. E. |publisher=Geological Society of America K-3, Boulder, Colorado |year=1987 |pages=371–402 |isbn=978-0-8137-5203-7}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hartstone2015>{{cite journal |last1=Hartstone-Rose |first1=Adam |last2=Dundas |first2=Robert G. |last3=Boyde |first3=Bryttin |last4=Long |first4=Ryan C. |last5=Farrell |first5=Aisling B. |last6=Shaw |first6=Christopher A. |title=The Bacula of Rancho La Brea |publisher=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |series=Science Series 42 |journal=Contributions in Science (A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea) |editor=John M. Harris |date=September 15, 2015|pages=53–63}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hester1960>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/277160 |jstor=277160 |title=Late Pleistocene Extinction and Radiocarbon Dating|journal=[[American Antiquity]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=58–77 |year=1960 |last1=Hester |first1=Jim J.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hodnett2009>{{cite journal |last=Hodnett |first=John-Paul |author2=Mead Jim |title=Dire Wolf, ''Canis dirus'' (Mammalia; Carnivora; Canidae), from the Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of East-Central Sonora, Mexico |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |date=March 2009 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1894/CLG-12.1 |last3=Baez |first3=A.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=iczncode2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp|title=The Code online (refer Chapter 6, article 23.1)|author=ICZN|date=2017|website=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature online|publisher=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|access-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524144249/http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp|archive-date=2009-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ipcc2007>{{cite web |author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UN) |title=IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 – Palaeoclimatic Perspective |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |year=2007 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-a-palaeoclimatic.html |access-date=2016-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030211417/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-a-palaeoclimatic.html |archive-date=2015-10-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name=janczewski1992>{{cite journal |pmid=1409696 |pmc=50214 |year=1992 |last1=Janczewski |first1=D. N. |title=Molecular phylogenetic inference from saber-toothed cat fossils of Rancho La Brea |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=89 |issue=20 |pages=9769–73 |last2=Yuhki |first2=N. |last3=Gilbert |first3=D. A. |last4=Jefferson |first4=G. T. |last5=O'Brien |first5=S. J. |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.20.9769 |bibcode=1992PNAS...89.9769J}}</ref>
 
<ref name=johnson1977>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(77)90043-6 |title=The Late Quaternary Climate of Coastal California: Evidence for an Ice Age Refugium |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=154–179 |year=1977 |last1=Johnson |first1=Donald Lee |bibcode=1977QuRes...8..154J}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kurten1980>{{cite book |last1=Kurten |first1=B. |last2=Anderson |first2=E. |title=Pleistocene mammals of North America |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]], New York |year=1980 |chapter=11-Carnavora |pages=168–172 |isbn=978-0-231-03733-4}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kurten1984>{{cite book |last1=Kurten |first1=B. |chapter=Geographic differentiation in the Rancholabrean dire wolf (Canis dirus Leidy) in North America |title=Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday |url=https://archive.org/details/contributionsinq81984geno |publisher=[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] |editor1-last=Genoways |editor1-first=H. H. |editor2-last=Dawson |editor2-first=M. R. |series=Special Publication 8 |year=1984 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contributionsinq81984geno/page/218 218–227] |isbn=978-0-935868-07-4}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=leidy1858>{{cite journal |last1=Leidy |first1=J. |title=Notice of remains of extinct vertebrata, from the Valley of the Niobrara River, collected during the Exploring Expedition of 1857, in Nebraska, under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Expedition, Proceedings |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=10 |year=1858 |page=21 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26289610#page/41/mode/1up}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=leonard2014>{{cite journal |author=Leonard, Jennifer |year=2014 |title=Ecology drives evolution in grey wolves |journal=Evolution Ecology Research |volume=16 |pages=461–473 |url=http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/open/v16n06/eear2913.pdf}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=meachen2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ece3.2141 |pmid=27252837 |title=Extinct Beringian wolf morphotype found in the continental U.S. Has implications for wolf migration and evolution |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |volume= 6 |issue=10 |pages= 3430 |year=2016 |last1=Meachen |first1=Julie A. |last2=Brannick |first2=Alexandria L. |last3=Fry |first3=Trent J. |pmc=4870223}}</ref>
 
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