ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਮੂਲ - ਨਿਵਾਸੀ: ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ
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ਲਾਈਨ 27:
[[ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ]]''' ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਮੂਲ - ਨਿਵਾਸੀ'''(en:Native Americans) ,ਓਹ ਲੋਕ ਮੰਨੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ [[ਪੂਰਵ ਕੋਲੰਬੀਅਨ ਕਾਲ|ਪੂਰਵ ਕੋਲੰਬੀਅਨ]] ਵਡੇਰੇ ਇਥੋਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਮੂਲ ਨਿਵਾਸੀ ਸਨ । ਇਹ ਲੋਕ ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਚਰਦੇ ਸਨ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਰਵਾਇਤਾਂ ਜ਼ਬਾਨੀ ਭਾਵ ਸੀਨਾ-ਬ-ਸੀਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਪੁਸ਼ਤ ਦਰ ਪੁਸ਼ਤ ਸਾਂਭਦੇ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਯੂਰਪੀਅਨ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਰੋਧ ਦਾ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਆਧਾਰ ਬਣਿਆ । <ref name="test">Calloway, Colin G. [http://www.americanheritage.com/content/native-americans-first-view-whites-shore "Native Americans First View Whites from the Shore."] ''American Heritage'', Spring 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-29</ref>
=== Politicians ===
*[[Abul Kalam Azad]] stated that the creation of a Pakistan would only benefit upper class Muslims who would come to monopolize the economy of the separate state; he warned that if it would be created, it would be controlled by international powers, "and with the passage of time this control will become tight".<ref name="Memri2014">{{cite web |title=In Prophetic Historical Interview, Indian Islamic Scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Warned Against Creation Of Pakistan Based On Hindu-Muslim Disunity: 'We Must Remember That An Entity Conceived In Hatred Will Last Only As Long As That Hatred Lasts' |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/prophetic-historical-interview-indian-islamic-scholar-maulana-abul-kalam-azad-warned-against |publisher=Memri |language=English |date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Naqvi2018">{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Saeed |title=View: The lesser known Maulana Abul Kalam Azad who sought 'United India' to the bitter end |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/view-the-lesser-known-maulana-abul-kalam-azad-who-sought-united-india-to-the-bitter-end/articleshow/66566077.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |language=English |date=10 November 2018}}</ref>
*[[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]] supported [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] and opposed the partition of India, being a prominent Muslim leader in eastern Hindustan.<ref name="Mainyu2011">{{cite book |last1=Mainyu |first1=Eldon A. |title=Abdul Matlib Mazumdar |date=2011 |publisher=Aud Publishing |isbn=9786137449219 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Abdul Qayyum Khan]], a barrister from the [[North-West Frontier Province]] of colonial India, declared that he would resist the partition of India with his own blood; he reversed his position in 1945 and joined the All India Muslim League<ref name="Naqvi2017">{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Raza |title=Meet the Muslim freedom fighters who strongly opposed the Partition of India |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/meet-the-muslim-freedom-fighters-who-strongly-opposed-the-partition-of-india/ |publisher=IE Online Media Services |accessdate=22 August 2020 |language=English |date=14 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]] argued against the two-nation theory, favouring a united India.<ref name="Chhibber2018">{{cite book |last1=Chhibber |first1=Pradeep K. |last2=Verma |first2=Rahul |title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190623890 |page=81 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Allah Bux Soomro|Allah Bakhsh Soomro]], the [[Chief Minister of Sindh|Chief Minister of Sind]], was vehemently opposed to partitioning India on the basis of religious lines; he chaired the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] to advocate for a united and independent India.<ref name="Ahmed2016"/> Allah Bakhsh Soomro proclaimed that the very concept of "The Muslims as a separate nation in India on the basis of their religion, is un-Islamic."<ref name="Malkani1984">{{cite book |last1=Malkani |first1=K. R. |title=The Sindh Story |date=1984 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=121 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Ansar Harvani]], a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India.<ref name="Raghavan1999"/>
==ਜ੍ਜ੍==
*[[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]], a Pakistani politician and founder of the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement]] political party, called the partition of India the "greatest blunder" that resulted in "the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships".<ref name="Baruah2019">{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Amit |title=Accept Line of Control temporarily: Altaf Hussain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/11/07/stories/2004110705711000.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=16 March 2019 |language=English|quote="The division of the sub-continent was the greatest blunder," he thundered to cheers from the audience. "It was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships," he said, switching from English to Urdu.|date=2004-11-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Two-Nation Theory' a complete fraud: MQM leader Altaf Hussain |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/two-nation-theory-a-complete-fraud-mqm-leader-altaf-hussain20190224204557/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |accessdate=16 March 2019 |language=English |date=24 February 2019|quote="The said theory was invented by the British Empire to deceive and divide the people of the Indian Sub-Continent," he added. He said this while addressing live to his millions of followers through social media. He categorically asserted that the division of the Indian sub-continent was a blunder. "British Empire had occupied Indian sub-continent and Indians were slaves to the British rulers and hence they introduced that theory so as to keep the Muslims and Hindus divided so that the British could rule for a longer time. Unfortunately, Muslim and Hindu populations had accepted that fraudulent and mischievous notion of Two-Nation Theory," he said. He further said that the said theory was to prevent any revolution against the tyrant occupation of the British Empire and also to fail the freedom movement for India.}}</ref>
*[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] supported [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision of a united India.<ref name="Khurshid2014">{{cite book |last1=Khurshid |first1=Salman |title=At Home in India: The Muslim Saga |date=2014 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=9789384544126 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Fazl-i-Hussain]] was opposed to the separatist campaign to create a Muslim state through the division of India.<ref name="Malhotra2019">{{cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Aanchal |title=Remnants of Partition: 21 Objects from a Continent Divided |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-120-9 |page=292 |language=English |quote=My father's half-brother, Sir Fazl-i-Hussain, was a found member, along with Sir Sikander Hyat Khan and others who were opposed to the Quaid-e-Azam's vision of Pakistan as an independent nation of Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=English |date=27 May 2016|quote= Here, not only anti-colonial Muslims were opposed to the Partition – and there were many all over Punjab – but also those who considered the continuation of British rule good for the country – Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hyat and Sir Khizr Hayat Tiwana for instance – were opposed to the Partition.}}</ref>
==ਈ==
*[[Frank Anthony]], president of the [[All India Anglo-Indian Association]], "vociferously opposed Partition".<ref name="Mansingh"/>
*[[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], who was elected as the [[Chief Minister of Sindh|Chief Minister of Sind]] from 1937–1938 and also 1942–1947, rejected the idea to partition India.<ref name="Naqvi2017"/>
*[[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]] advocated a joint [[Hindu-Muslim unity|Hindu-Muslim]] revolution and called everyone to "all rise against" the "conspiracy" of a partition plan.<ref name="Yousaf2012">{{cite web |last1=Yousaf |first1=Nasim |title=Justification of Partition in Books & Educational Syllabi Breeds Hatred and Terrorism |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/3905-justification-of-partition-in-books-educational-syllabi-breeds-hatred-and-terrorism |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=English |date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Malik2000"/>
*[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]] saw the idea of the partition of India as one that catered to the imperialist policy of [[divide and rule]] and he thus strongly opposed it, calling for an ''Akhand Hindustan'' (Hindi-Urdu for "united India").<ref name="Ghose1991">{{cite book|last=Ghose|first=Sankar|title=Mahatma Gandhi|date=1 January 1991|publisher=[[Allied Publishers]]|isbn=9788170232056|page=315|quote=Later, K.M. Munishi, with Gandhi's blessing, also resigned from the Congress to plead for Akhand Hindustan as a counter blast to Pakistan. Gandhi, who previously thought that swaraj was impossible without Hindu-Muslim unity, subsequently came to the conclusion that as Britain wanted to retain her empire by pursuing a policy of divide and rule, Hindu-Muslim unity could not be achieved as long as the British were there.}}</ref>
*[[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] opposed the partition of India and campaigned against British rule in the country through nonviolence.<ref name="Tharoor2003"/>
*[[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] favoured a united India and was an ally of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Hamdani2013">{{cite web |last1=Hamdani |first1=Yasser Latif |title=Mr Jinnah’s Muslim opponents |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/12/21/mr-jinnahs-muslim-opponents/ |publisher=Pakistan Today |accessdate=10 June 2020 |language=English |date=21 December 2013 |quote=Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan and his brother Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan were also opponents of Mr. Jinnah and the Muslim League. The Khan Brothers were close to the Congress and thought that in an independent United India their interests were more secure.}}</ref> He stood against communalism and battled the Muslim League after it became apparent that a Pakistan would be created out of the provinces of northwest colonial India.<ref name="Ashraf2018">{{cite web |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=On Frontier Gandhi's death anniversary, a reminder of how the Indian subcontinent has lost its way |url=https://scroll.in/article/865696/on-frontier-gandhis-death-anniversary-a-reminder-of-how-the-indian-subcontinent-has-lost-its-way |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |language=English |date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
*Khwaja Abdul Majid was a social reformer and lawyer "who supported Gandhi in his opposition to the partition of India."<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDermott |first1=Rachel Fell |last2=Gordon |first2=Leonard A. |last3=Embree |first3=Ainslie T. |last4=Pritchett |first4=Frances W. |last5=Dalton |first5=Dennis |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231510929 |pages=906 |language=English|quote=Khwaja Abdul Majid (1875–1962) was a lawyer, educationalist, and social reformer who supported Gandhi in his opposition to the partition of India.}}</ref>
==ਤ੍ਰ੍==
*[[Khwaja Atiqullah]], the brother of the [[Nawab of Dhaka]], "collected 25,000 signatures and submitted a memorandum opposing the partition".<ref name="JassalBenAri2007">{{cite book |last1=Jassal |first1=Smita Tewari |last2=Ben-Ari |first2=Eyal |title=The Partition Motif in Contemporary Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/partitionmotifco00jass |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9788132101116 |page=[https://archive.org/details/partitionmotifco00jass/page/n246 246] |language=English|quote=The brother of the Nawab of Dhaka, Khwajah Atiqullah collected 25,000 signatures and submitted a memorandum opposing the partition (Jalal 2000: 158). The anti-partition movement was 'actively supported' by 'Abdul Rasul, Liakat Hassain, Abul Qasim, and Ismail Hussain Shirazi' (Ahmed 2000: 70).}}</ref>
*[[Lal Khan]], a Pakistani politician and founder of [[The Struggle Pakistan]], criticized the partition of India and advocated for [[Indian reunification]], which he stated would heal continuing wounds and solve the Kashmir conflict.<ref name="Samaddar2008">{{cite web |last1=Samaddar |first1=Ranabir |title=Indian review of 'Partition - can it be undone?' |url=https://www.marxist.com/indian-review-of-partition.htm |publisher=In Defence of Marxism |accessdate=29 June 2020 |language=English |date=27 February 2008}}</ref> Advocating for a common revolution, Khan declared that "Five thousand years of common history, culture and society is too strong to be cleavaged by this partition."<ref name="KhanGhosh2007">{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Lal |last2=Ghosh |first2=Paramita |title=Can Partition be Undone? – An Interview with Lal Khan |url=https://radicalnotes.org/2007/10/24/can-partition-be-undone-an-interview-with-lal-khan/ |publisher=Radical Notes |accessdate=29 June 2020 |language=English |date=24 October 2007}}</ref>
*[[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] opposed the partition of India and founded the [[All-India Jamhur Muslim League]] to advocate for a united India.<ref name="Sajjad2011"/>
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]] opposed the partition of India, seeing it as contradicting his vision of unity among Indians of all religions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhism |date=2015 |publisher=JSC Publications |isbn=9781329189133 |language=English|quote=As a rule, Gandhi was opposed to the concept of partition as it contradicted his vision of religious unity. }}</ref>
*[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], the [[Prime Minister of Punjab|Premier of Punjab]], opposed the partition of India, seeing it as a ploy to divide the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] and [[Punjabi people]].<ref name="Mansingh2006"/><ref name="SinghFenech2014">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191004124 |language=English|quote=Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, a Unionist, who was the last Premier of the unified Punjab opposed Jinnah and the 1947 partition of India from a Punjabi nationalist perspective. }}</ref> He felt that Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab all had a common culture and was against dividing India on the basis of religious segregation.<ref name="Talbot1996"/> Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, himself a Muslim, remarked to the separatist leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]: "There are Hindu and Sikh Tiwanas who are my relatives. I go to their weddings and other ceremonies. How can I possibly regard them as coming from another nation?"<ref name="Talbot1996"/> March 1st was proclaimed by Tiwana as Communal Harmony Day, with the Communal Harmony Committee being established by him in Lahore, with Raja Narendra Nath as its president and Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas as its secretary.<ref name="Talbot1996"/>
*[[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi|Maulana Hifzur Rahman]], a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India.<ref name="Raghavan1999">{{cite book |last1=Raghavan |first1=G. N. S. |title=Aruna Asaf Ali: A Compassionate Radical |date=1999 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2762-2 |page=91 |language=English |quote=Three nationalist Muslims were among those who opposed the resolution: Ansar Harwani, Maulana Hifzur Rahman and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew. “This is a surrender”, Kitchlew said.}}</ref>
*[[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari|Maulana Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] was the creator of the [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]], which passed a resolution in 1943 declaring itself to be against the partition and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation."<ref name="Khan2015"/>
==ਸ੍ਦ੍==
*[[Markandey Katju]] views the British as bearing responsibility for the partition of India; he regards Jinnah as a British agent who advocated for the creation of Pakistan in order "to satisfy his ambition to become the ‘Quaid-e-Azam’, regardless of the suffering his actions caused to both Hindus and Muslims."<ref name="Katju2014">{{cite web |author1=Markandey Katju |title=The truth about partition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/satyam-bruyat/the-truth-about-partition/ |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=English |date=8 July 2014|author1-link=Markandey Katju }}</ref> Katju states that after Hindus and Muslims joined hands in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|First War of Indian Independence]] in 1857, the British implemented a divide and rule policy to cause them to fight one another rather than rise up to fight imperialist rule.<ref name="Katju2014"/> He said that the British orchestrated the partition of India in order to prevent a united India from emerging as an industrial power that would rival the economy of any western state.<ref name="Katju2014"/>
*[[Master Tara Singh]] declared that his party, the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] would fight "tooth and nail" against the partition of India and creation of Pakistan.<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004"/>
*[[Mazhar Ali Azhar|Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar]] referred to Jinnah as ''Kafir-e-Azam'' ("The Great Kafir").<ref name="Hussain2019">{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Taffazull |title=Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2019 Edition |date=2019 |publisher=Syed Taffazull Hussain |isbn=978-1-60481-603-7 |page=90 |language=English}}</ref> He, as with other Ahrar leaders, opposed the partition of India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Impact: International Fortnightly |journal=Impact: International Fortnightly |date=1974 |volume=4-6 |page=5 |publisher=News & Media |language=English |quote=Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar, 81, a leader in the Ahrar party, opposed to the partition of India.}}</ref>
*[[Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani|Maulana Sayyid Husain Ahmad Madani]] strongly opposed the campaign for a separate Muslim state, instead advocating for [[composite nationalism]] in a united India (cf. ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam|Muttahida Qaumiyat aur Islam]]'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=English |date=27 May 2016|quote= We are indeed informed about the strong opposition by Congress stalwart Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and the leader of the Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam, Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni, to the demand for a separate Muslim state made by the All-India Muslim League, but the general impression in both India and Pakistan is that Indian Muslims as a whole supported the Partition.}}</ref> Five decades earlier, [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi]] advocated for the same; he held that Hindu-Muslim unity in India as opposed to unity between Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims, would effectively combat British imperialism, leading to an independent India.<ref name="EI2011">{{cite web |title=AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgani-jamal-al-din |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |language=English |date=22 July 2011|quote=In Hyderabad 1880-81 Afḡānī published six Persian articles in the journal Moʿallem-e šafīq, which were reprinted in Urdu and Persian in various editions of Maqālāt-e Jamālīya. The three major themes of these articles are: 1. advocacy of linguistic or territorial nationalism, with an emphasis upon the unity of Indian Muslims and Hindus, not of Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims; 2. the benefits of philosophy and modern science; and 3. attacks on Sayyed Aḥmad Khan as a tool of the British. On nationalism, he writes in “The Philosophy of National Unity and the Truth about Unity of Language” that linguistic ties are stronger and more durable than religious ones (he was to make exactly the opposite point in the pan-Islamic al-ʿOrwat al-woṯqā a few years later). In India he felt the best anti-imperialist policy was Hindu-Muslim unity, while in Europe he felt it was pan-Islam.}}</ref><ref name="Aslam2011">{{cite web |last1=Aslam |first1=Arshad |title=The Politics Of Deoband |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-politics-of-deoband/277847 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=English |date=28 July 2011|quote=Much before Madani, Jamaluddin Afghani argued that Hindus and Muslims must come together to overthrow the British. Husain Ahmad would argue the same thing after five decades.}}</ref>
==ਲੋਤ੍==
*[[Abul A'la Maududi|Maulana Abul Ala Maududi]], the founder of [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]].<ref name="Oh2007"/><ref name="Gupta2016"/> Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.<ref name="Oh2007"/> He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |last2=Sonn |first2=Tamara |last3=Voll |first3=John Obert |title=Islam and Democracy After the Arab Spring |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514798-8 |page=96 |language=English |quote=Mawdudi (d. 1979) was opposed to the partition of India, preferring that Muslims reclaim all of India for Islam.}}</ref>
*[[M. C. Davar]] opposed the partition of India, creating the "United Party of India (UPI) with the aim of removing the chasm between the Congress and the Muslim League."<ref name="Goyal2013">{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Purshottam |title=Passionate advocate of subcontinental amity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/passionate-advocate-of-subcontinental-amity/article4651250.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=9 June 2020 |language=English |date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
*Muhammad Tayyab Danapuri was a [[Barelwi]] scholar who wrote against Jinnah in his books.<ref name="Raza2020">{{cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Atrooba |title=20 Muslim Leaders who opposed Pakistan Movement & Quaid-e-Azam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1ver5Tbg-U& |publisher=Election Box |accessdate=9 June 2020 |language=Urdu |date=21 March 2020}}</ref>
*[[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]], a peace activist, "mobilised the Muslim masses against the two-nation theory of Muslim League."<ref name="Naqvi2017"/>
*[[Mufti Mahmud]], associated with the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], opposed the partition of India.<ref name="Pirzada2000">{{cite book |last1=Pirzada |first1=Sayyid A. S. |last2=Pirzada |first2=Syed Sharifuddin |title=The Politics of the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam Pakistan: 1971-1977 |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579302-4 |page=115 |language=English |quote=Mufti Mahmud, in his speech on the occasion, pointed out that "the JUIP was against a division of the country". He said that since the party had opposed the partition of India (linking with the stance of ...}}</ref>
*[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory.<ref name="Chhibber2018"/>
*[[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]], coming from the background with ties to the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]], opposed the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |date=2007 |volume=55-56 |page=166 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Purushottam Das Tandon]] opposed the partition of India, advocating unity, stating that "Acceptance of the resolution will be an abject surrender to the British and the Muslim League. The admission of the Working Committee was an admission of weakness and the result of a sense of despair. The Partition would not benefit either community – the Hindus in Pakistan and the Muslims in India would both live in fear."<ref name="Reddy2003">{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Kittu |title=History of India: a new approach |date=2003 |publisher=Standard Publishers |isbn=978-81-87471-14-1 |page=453 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] supported [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision of a united India.<ref name="Khurshid2014"/>
*[[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], a Kashmiri Muslim leader and President of the [[Punjab Provincial Congress Committee]], was strongly opposed to the partition of India, calling it "a surrender of nationalism in favour of communalism".<ref name="Suresh1999">{{cite book |last1=Suresh |first1=Sushma |title=Who's who on Indian Stamps |date=1999 |publisher=Mohan B. Daryanani |isbn=978-84-931101-0-9 |page=211 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1992">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sita Ram |title=Education and National Integration in India: Historical perspective |date=1992 |publisher=Akashdeep Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7158-280-8 |page=294 |language=English |quote=Dr. Kitchlew, President of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee, opposed the resolution and characterized it as a surrender of 'nationalism in favour of communalism'.}}</ref> Kitchlew supported a united Indian nationalism against British imperialism and held "that a divided India would only debilitate the Muslim cause, in terms of its political emancipation and economic prosperity."<ref name="Sharma2019">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Unnati |title=Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew, the freedom fighter who is hailed as the hero of Jallianwala Bagh |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/saifuddin-kitchlew-freedom-fighter-hero-jallianwala-bagh/302658/ |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |accessdate=29 July 2020 |language=English |date=9 October 2019}}</ref>
==ਫ੍ਗ੍==
*[[Shaukatullah Shah Ansari]] argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory.<ref name="Chhibber2018"/>
*[[Sheikh Abdullah]] supported [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision of a united India.<ref name="Khurshid2014"/>
*[[Shibli Nomani]] argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory.<ref name="Chhibber2018"/>
*[[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]], the [[Prime Minister of Punjab]], was opposed to the partition of India as he saw the consequence of dividing the Punjab as painful.<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{cite book |last1=Mansingh |first1=Surjit |title=Historical Dictionary of India |date=2006 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810865020 |language=English |quote=Both Sikander Hayat Khan and his successor, Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, vehemently opposed the idea Partition when it was mooted in the early 1940s, partly because as Punjabi Muslims they did not agree with Jinnah on the need for a Pakistan and largely because the thought of partitioning Punjab, as an inevitable consequence, was so painful.}}</ref>
*[[Syed Sultan Ahmed]] backed [[M. C. Davar]] in his opposition to the partition of India.<ref name="Goyal2013"/>
*[[Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri]], a leader who joined the [[Indian independence movement]] at the time of the [[Salt March]], opposed the two-nation theory and was imprisoned in the same jail cell as Mahatma Gandhi<ref name="Naqvi2017"/>
*[[Ted Grant]], founder of the [[International Marxist Tendency]], heavily criticized the partition of India, calling it "a crime carried out by British Imperialism" that was done in order "to divide the subcontinent to make it easier to control from outside once they had been forced to abandon a military presence."<ref name="Khan2005">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Lal |title=Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone? |date=2005 |publisher=The Struggle Publications |pages=12 |language=English|quote=We have to understand that the partition of the subcontinent into Pakistan and India was a crime carried out by British Imperialism. Initially, British Imperialism tried to maintain control of the whole of the subcontinent, but during 1946–1947, a revolutionary situation erupted across the whole of the Indian subcontinent. British Imperialism realised that it could no longer contain the situation. Its troops were mainly Indian, and they could not be relied on to do the dirty work for the imperialists. It was in these conditions that the imperialists came up with the idea of partition. As they could no longer hold the situation, they decided that it was preferable to whip up Muslims against Hindus and vice versa. With this method, they planned to divide the subcontinent to make it easier to control from outside once they had been forced to abandon a military presence. They did this without any concern for the terrible bloodshed that would be unleashed.}}</ref>
*[[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] organised a conference in 1940 in [[Kumbakonam]] to stand against the separatist campaign to create Pakistan, stating "if such schemes were considered realistically, it would be apparent at once how damaging they would be not only for Indian Muslims but for the whole Islamic world."<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=English |date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
*[[Zahid Ali Khan]] opposed the partition of India, believing that it would divide the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamdani |first1=Yasser Latif |title=Mr Jinnah’s Muslim opponents |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/12/21/mr-jinnahs-muslim-opponents/ |publisher=Pakistan Today |accessdate=10 June 2020 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] supported [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision of a united India.<ref name="Khurshid2014"/>
==ਹਵਾਲੇ==
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