- ↑ Persian consonants can be geminated, especially in words from ਅਰਬੀ. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: [sejjed].
- ↑ In Tehrani Persian, when /ɣ/ (spelled either غ or ق) occurs at the beginning and the end of a word, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive [ɢ], the allophone is probably influenced by Turkic languages like Azeri; the sounds remain distinct in Persian dialects of southern Iran and Eastern Persian dialects (Dari and Tajik).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The unvoiced stops /p, t, tʃ, k/ are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive.
- ↑ Also an allophone of /n/ before bilabial consonants.
- ↑ A trilled allophone [r] occurs word-initially in native vocabulary (Spanish/Italian/Russian R); trill [r] as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially in loanwords of especially Arabic origin as a result of gemination of [ɾ].
- ↑ Also an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ Also an allophone of /ʃ/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ Velar nasal [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before [g], [k], [ɣ], [ɢ], and [x] in native vocabulary.
- ↑ Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exception and other clarifications, see Persian phonology#Stress
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 In the modern Persian script, the "short" vowels /æ/, /e/, /o/ are usually not written as is done in the Arabic alphabet; only the long vowels /ɒː/, /iː/, /uː/ are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
- ↑ [e] is also an allophone of /æ/ in word-final position in contemporary Iranian Persian.
- ↑ The Persian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of bate (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bet; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ The Persian /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of boat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ /ou/ becomes [o] in colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Western Persian.
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