The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Persian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Persian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.

Consonants[1]
IPA ਅੱਖਰ ਮਿਸਾਲਾਂ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੁਲ
b ب برادر beet
d د د‫وست‬ den
ج جوان jazz
f ف فشار fast
ɡ گ گروه gate
ɣ غ
[2] ق
باغ between gate and hat
ɢ قلم
h ه
ح
هفت hat
j ی یا yard
k ک کشور cat[3]
l ل لب land
m م مادر man[4]
n ن نان neck
p ‫پ‬ ‫پدر‬ pen[3]
ɾ ر ایران bitter in American English[5]
s س
ص
ث
سایه sock
ʃ ‫ش‬ ‫شاه‬ shah
t ت
ط
تا tall[3]
چ چوب chip[3]
v و ویژه oven
x خ خانه loch (Scottish)
z ز
ذ
ض
ظ
آزاد jazz[6]
ʒ ژ ژاله vision[7]
ʔ ع
ء
معنا As in water, better, Let's go! in (Cockney) - department, not now! in RP - See T-glottalization
Marginal consonants
ŋ نگ رنگ sing[8]
Stress
ˈ [9] ایران
[iˈɾɒːn]
again
/əˈɡeɪn/
Vowels
IPA Letter Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
æ َ   ا[10] نه bat
ɒː ا تا As in the interjection aw but slightly shorter in length - similar to caught (American English) or not (English English)
e[11] ِ   ا[10] که between bate and bet[12]
ی کی beat
o ا   ُ   و[10] تو boat (but shorter)[13]
و تو boot
Diphthongs
ei ی کی bay, they
ou[14] و نو flow

ਹਵਾਲੇ ਸੋਧੋ

  1. Persian consonants can be geminated, especially in words from ਅਰਬੀ. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: [sejjed].
  2. In Tehrani Persian, when /ɣ/ (spelled either غ or ق) occurs at the beginning and the end of a word, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive [ɢ], the allophone is probably influenced by Turkic languages like Azeri; the sounds remain distinct in Persian dialects of southern Iran and Eastern Persian dialects (Dari and Tajik).
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The unvoiced stops /p, t, tʃ, k/ are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive.
  4. Also an allophone of /n/ before bilabial consonants.
  5. A trilled allophone [r] occurs word-initially in native vocabulary (Spanish/Italian/Russian R); trill [r] as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially in loanwords of especially Arabic origin as a result of gemination of [ɾ].
  6. Also an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
  7. Also an allophone of /ʃ/ before voiced consonants.
  8. Velar nasal [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before [g], [k], [ɣ], [ɢ], and [x] in native vocabulary.
  9. Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exception and other clarifications, see Persian phonology#Stress
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 In the modern Persian script, the "short" vowels /æ/, /e/, /o/ are usually not written as is done in the Arabic alphabet; only the long vowels /ɒː/, /iː/, /uː/ are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
  11. [e] is also an allophone of /æ/ in word-final position in contemporary Iranian Persian.
  12. The Persian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of bate (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bet; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
  13. The Persian /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of boat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
  14. /ou/ becomes [o] in colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Western Persian.

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