ਮਦਦ:ਹਿੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.

Consonants
IPA	Hindi	Urdu	English equivalent
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|b]]	ब	ب	abash
b[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]]	भ	بھ	abhor
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|d̪]] ^[1]	द	د	ado
d̪[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]] ^[1]	ध	دھ	adhere
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɖ]] ^[1]	ड	ڈ	guard
ɖ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]] ^[1]	ढ	ڈھ	guardhouse
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|dʒ]]	ज	ج	hedge
dʒ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]]	झ	جھ	hedgehog
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|f]]	फ़	ف	food
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɡ]]	ग	گ	agate
ɡ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]]	घ	گھ	pigheaded
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|h]]	ः	ح	head
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɦ]]	ह	ح	ahead
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|j]]	य	ي	yak
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|k]]	क	ک	scan
k[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʰ]]	ख	کھ	can
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|l]]	ल	ل	leaf
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|m]]	म	م	much
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|n]]	न	ن	not
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɳ]]	ण	-	burner
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ŋ]]	ं	-	bank
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|p]]	प	پ	span
p[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʰ]]	फ	پھ	pan (often pronounced [f] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|q]]	क़	ق	a k in the throat (Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|r]]	र	ر	trilled r
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɽ]]	ड़	ڑ	US: larder
ɽ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʱ]]	ढ़	ڑھ	as [ɽ] plus h
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|s]]	स	س	sue
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʂ]]	ष	–	worship
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʃ]]	श	ش	shoe
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|t̪]] ^[1]	त	ت	stable
t̪[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʰ]] ^[1]	थ	تھ	table
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʈ]] ^[1]	ट	ٹ	art
ʈ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʰ]] ^[1]	ठ	ٹھ	art-historian
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|tʃ]]	च	چ	catch
tʃ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʰ]]	छ	چھ	choose
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʋ]]^[2]	व	و	varies between w and v
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|x]]	ख़	خ	Bach (Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɣ]]	ग़	غ	similar to a French r (Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap.
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|z]]	ज़	ز	zen
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʒ]]	झ़	ژ	pleasure

Vowels
IPA	Hindi	Urdu	English equivalent
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|aː]]	आ, पा	آ, ـا	bra
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|eː]]	ए, पे	ے	between yell and Yale
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɛː]]	ऐ, पै	ے	yell
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ə]]	अ, प	ـَ	nut
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|iː]] ^[3]	ई, पी	ی	feet
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɪ]] ^[3]	इ, पि	ـِ	dill
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|oː]]	ओ, पो	و	old
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ɔː]]	औ, पौ		law
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|uː]] ^[3]	ऊ, पू		loot
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ʊ]] ^[3]	उ, पु	ـُ	look
̃	ँ	ں	nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ˈ]]	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym\|ː]]	doubled consonant

Notes ਸੋਧੋ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʋ]]] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.

ਫਰਮਾ:IPA keys horizontal

[coronal-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.

[vwallophone-2] [v], [w] and intermediate [[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʋ]]] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].

[V-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.

[1]

[2]

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