ਮਦਦ:ਹਿੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.

Consonants
IPA	Hindi	Urdu	English equivalent
b	ब	ب	abash
bʱ	भ	بھ	abhor
d̪ ^[1]	द	د	ado
d̪ʱ ^[1]	ध	دھ	adhere
ɖ ^[1]	ड	ڈ	guard
ɖʱ ^[1]	ढ	ڈھ	guardhouse
dʒ	ज	ج	hedge
dʒʱ	झ	جھ	hedgehog
f	फ़	ف	food
ɡ	ग	گ	agate
ɡʱ	घ	گھ	pigheaded
h	ः	ح	head
ɦ	ह	ح	ahead
j	य	ي	yak
k	क	ک	scan
kʰ	ख	کھ	can
l	ल	ل	leaf
m	म	م	much
n	न	ن	not
ɳ	ण	-	burner
ŋ	ं	-	bank
p	प	پ	span
pʰ	फ	پھ	pan (often pronounced [f] in Hindi)
q	क़	ق	a k in the throat (Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
r	र	ر	trilled r
ɽ	ड़	ڑ	US: larder
ɽʱ	ढ़	ڑھ	as [ɽ] plus h
s	स	س	sue
ʂ	ष	–	worship
ʃ	श	ش	shoe
t̪ ^[1]	त	ت	stable
t̪ʰ ^[1]	थ	تھ	table
ʈ ^[1]	ट	ٹ	art
ʈʰ ^[1]	ठ	ٹھ	art-historian
tʃ	च	چ	catch
tʃʰ	छ	چھ	choose
ʋ^[2]	व	و	varies between w and v
x	ख़	خ	Bach (Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
ɣ	ग़	غ	similar to a French r (Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap.
z	ज़	ز	zen
ʒ	झ़	ژ	pleasure

Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
ː	doubled consonant

Notesਸੋਧੋ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.