ਮਦਦ:ਹਿੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.

Consonants
IPA Hindi Urdu English equivalent
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|b]] ب abash
b[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] بھ abhor
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|d̪]] [1] د ado
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] [1] دھ adhere
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɖ]] [1] ڈ guard
ɖ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] [1] ڈھ guardhouse
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|dʒ]] ج hedge
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] جھ hedgehog
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|f]] फ़ ف food
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɡ]] گ agate
ɡ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] گھ pigheaded
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|h]] ح head
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɦ]] ahead
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|j]] ي yak
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|k]] ک scan
k[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʰ]] کھ can
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|l]] ل leaf
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|m]] م much
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|n]] ن not
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɳ]] - burner
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ŋ]] - bank
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|p]] پ span
p[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʰ]] پھ pan
(often pronounced [f] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|q]] क़ ق a k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|r]] ر trilled r
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɽ]] ड़ ڑ US: larder
ɽ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʱ]] ढ़ ڑھ as [ɽ] plus h
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|s]] س sue
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʂ]] worship
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʃ]] ش shoe
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|t̪]] [1] ت stable
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʰ]] [1] تھ table
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʈ]] [1] ٹ art
ʈ[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʰ]] [1] ٹھ art-historian
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|tʃ]] چ catch
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʰ]] چھ choose
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʋ]][2] و varies between w and v
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|x]] ख़ خ Bach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɣ]] ग़ غ similar to a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap.
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|z]] ज़ ز zen
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʒ]] झ़ ژ pleasure
Vowels
IPA Hindi Urdu English equivalent
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|aː]] आ, पा آ, ـا bra
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|eː]] ए, पे ے between yell and Yale
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɛː]] ऐ, पै yell
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ə]] अ, प ـَ nut
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|iː]] [3] ई, पी ی feet
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɪ]] [3] इ, पि ـِ dill
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|oː]] ओ, पो و old
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɔː]] औ, पौ law
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|uː]] [3] ऊ, पू loot
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʊ]] [3] उ, पु ـُ look
 ̃ ں nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.)


Suprasegmentals
IPA
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ˈ]] stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ː]] doubled consonant
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
  2. [v], [w] and intermediate [[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʋ]]] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.

ਫਰਮਾ:IPA keys horizontal