The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.
| Consonants
|
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent
|
| b
|
ब |
ب |
abash
|
| bʱ
|
भ |
بھ |
abhor
|
| d̪ [1]
|
द |
د |
ado
|
| d̪ʱ [1]
|
ध |
دھ |
adhere
|
| ɖ [1]
|
ड |
ڈ |
guard
|
| ɖʱ [1]
|
ढ |
ڈھ |
guardhouse
|
| dʒ
|
ज |
ج |
hedge
|
| dʒʱ
|
झ |
جھ |
hedgehog
|
| f
|
फ़ |
ف |
food
|
| ɡ
|
ग |
گ |
agate
|
| ɡʱ
|
घ |
گھ |
pigheaded
|
| h
|
ः |
ح |
head
|
| ɦ
|
ह |
ahead
|
| j
|
य |
ي |
yak
|
| k
|
क |
ک |
scan
|
| kʰ
|
ख |
کھ |
can
|
| l
|
ल |
ل |
leaf
|
| m
|
म |
م |
much
|
| n
|
न |
ن |
not
|
| ɳ
|
ण |
- |
burner
|
| ŋ
|
ं |
- |
bank
|
| p
|
प |
پ |
span
|
| pʰ
|
फ |
پھ |
pan
(often pronounced [f] in Hindi)
|
| q
|
क़ |
ق |
a k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
|
| r
|
र |
ر |
trilled r
|
| ɽ
|
ड़ |
ڑ |
US: larder
|
| ɽʱ
|
ढ़ |
ڑھ |
as [ɽ] plus h
|
| s
|
स |
س |
sue
|
| ʂ
|
ष |
– |
worship
|
| ʃ
|
श |
ش |
shoe
|
| t̪ [1]
|
त |
ت |
stable
|
| t̪ʰ [1]
|
थ |
تھ |
table
|
| ʈ [1]
|
ट |
ٹ |
art
|
| ʈʰ [1]
|
ठ |
ٹھ |
art-historian
|
| tʃ
|
च |
چ |
catch
|
| tʃʰ
|
छ |
چھ |
choose
|
| ʋ[2]
|
व |
و |
varies between w and v
|
| x
|
ख़ |
خ |
Bach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
|
| ɣ
|
ग़ |
غ |
similar to a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap.
|
| z
|
ज़ |
ز |
zen
|
| ʒ
|
झ़ |
ژ |
pleasure
|
|
| Vowels
|
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent
|
| aː
|
आ, पा |
آ, ـا |
bra
|
| eː
|
ए, पे |
ے |
between yell and Yale
|
| ɛː
|
ऐ, पै |
yell
|
| ə
|
अ, प |
ـَ |
nut
|
| iː [3]
|
ई, पी |
ی |
feet
|
| ɪ [3]
|
इ, पि |
ـِ |
dill
|
| oː
|
ओ, पो |
و |
old
|
| ɔː
|
औ, पौ |
law
|
| uː [3]
|
ऊ, पू |
loot
|
| ʊ [3]
|
उ, पु |
ـُ |
look
|
| ̃
|
ँ |
ں |
nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.)
|
|
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
- ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.
ਫਰਮਾ:IPA keys horizontal
