ਸਗਰਾਦਾ ਫ਼ਮੀਲੀਆ
ਸਗਰਾਦਾ ਫੈਮਿਲੀਆ (ਕਾਤਾਲੋਨੀਆ ਉਚਾਰਣ: [səˈɣɾaðə fəˈmiɫiə]; ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ: Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family) ਇੱਕ ਰੋਮਨ ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਚਰਚ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਬਾਰਸੀਲੋਨਾ ਸਪੇਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਿਤ ਹੈ। ਇਸਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਕਤਾਲਨ ਭਵਨ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਅਨਤੋਨੀ ਗੌਦੀ (1852–1926) ਦੁਆਰਾ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਇਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਅਧੂਰਾ ਹੈ ਪਰ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਯੂਨੇਸਕੋ[5][6][7] ਵਲੋਂ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਵਿਰਾਸਤ ਠਿਕਾਣਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
ਸਗਰਾਦਾ ਫੈਮਿਲੀਆ [Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family | |
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ਧਰਮ | |
ਮਾਨਤਾ | ਰੋਮਨ ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਚਰਚ |
ਜ਼ਿਲ੍ਹਾ | ਬਾਰਸੀਲੋਨਾ |
Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Minor basilica |
Leadership | Archbishop Lluís Martínez Sistach |
ਪਵਿੱਤਰਤਾ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤੀ | 7 ਨਵੰਬਰ 2010 |
Status | ਕੰਮ ਚੱਲ ਰਿਹਾ/ਅਧੂਰਾ |
ਟਿਕਾਣਾ | |
ਟਿਕਾਣਾ | ਬਾਰਸੀਲੋਨਾ, ਸਪੇਨ |
ਗੁਣਕ | 41°24′13″N 2°10′28″E / 41.40361°N 2.17444°E |
ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਚਰ | |
ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ | ਅਨਤੋਨੀ ਗੌਦੀ |
ਸ਼ੈਲੀ | ਆਧੁਨਿਕਤਾਵਾਦ |
General contractor | Construction Board of La Sagrada Família Foundation [ਹਵਾਲਾ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ] [dubious ] |
ਨੀਂਹ ਰੱਖੀ | 1882 |
ਮੁਕੰਮਲ | 2026-2028[1] (estimate) |
ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ | |
Direction of façade | ਉੱਤਰਪੂਰਬ |
ਸਮਰੱਥਾ | 9,000 |
ਲੰਬਾਈ | 90 m (300 ft)[2] |
ਚੌੜਾਈ | 60 m (200 ft)[2] |
Width (nave) | 45 m (150 ft)[2] |
Spire(s) | 18 (8 already built) |
Spire height | 170 m (560 ft) (planned) |
Official name: ਅਨਤੋਨੀ ਗੌਦੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ | |
Type | ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ |
Criteria | i, ii, iv |
Designated | 1984[3] |
Reference no. | 320bis |
State Party | ਸਪੇਨ |
ਖੇਤਰ | ਯੂਰਪ ਅਤੇ ਉਤ੍ਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ |
Invalid designation | |
Official name: Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia | |
Type | ਸਮਾਰਕ |
Designated | 24-07-1969 |
Reference no. | (R.I.)-51-0003813-00000[4] |
ਵੈੱਬਸਾਈਟ | |
www |
ਇਸਦੀ ਉਸਾਰੀ 1882 ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਈ ਪਰ ਅਨਤੋਨੀ ਗੋਦੀ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ 1883 ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹੋਇਆ।
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ
ਸੋਧੋਪਿਛੋਕੜ
ਸੋਧੋਸਗਰਾਦਾ ਫਮੀਲੀਆ ਦਾ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ ਅਸਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਵਿਕ੍ਰੇਤਾ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਨਾ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਵਿਕਰੇਤਾ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ ਜੋਸਫ ਮਾਰੀਆ ਬੋਕਾਲੇਕਾ (Josep Maria Bocabella) ਸੀ। ਜਿਹੜਾ ਐਸੋਸੀਏਸ਼ਨ ਏਸਪਿਰੀਚੁਅਲ ਦੇ ਦੇਵਾਤਾਸ ਦੇ ਸਾਨ ਖੋਸੇ (Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José) ਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਸੰਸਥਾ ਦਾ ਸੰਸਥਾਪਕ ਸੀ।[8] ਵੇਟੀਕਨ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਯਾਤਰਾ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ 1872 ਈ.ਵਿੱਚ ਬੋਕਾਬੇਲਾ ਇੱਕ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ ਦੇ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਦੇ ਇਰਾਦੇ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਇਟਲੀ ਤੋਂ ਵਾਪਸ ਆਏ। ਓਹਨਾ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਨਾ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਸਰੋਤ ਲੋਰੇਤੇ ਸੀ।[8] ਇਸਨੂੰ ਡੀਜਾਇਨ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਸੇਨਰ ਜੋਸਫ ਦੇ ਤਿਉਹਾਰ ਤੇ 19 ਮਾਰਚ 1882 ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ।[9] ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਕੰਮ 18 ਮਾਰਚ 1883 ਨੂੰ ਸੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਇਸਦੇ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ ਫ੍ਰਾਂਸਿਸ ਦੇ ਪੌਲਾ ਦੇਲ ਵਿਲਾਰ ਏ ਲੋਜ਼ਾਨੋ ਸੀ। ਜਿਹਨਾ ਦਾ ਇਰਾਦਾ ਗੋਤ੍ਹਕ ਕਲਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਸੀ।[8] 1883 ਈ. ਤੱਕ ਇਸ ਸ਼ੈਲੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਮਹਿਰਾਬ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਅਤੇ ਓਦੋਂ ਹੀ ਗੌਦੀ ਨੇ ਉਸਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਆਪਣੇ ਹੱਥ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ।[8] ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ 1883 ਵਿੱਚ ਗੌਦੀ ਉਸਾਰੀ ਵਿਚਹ ਜੁੜ ਗਏ ਸਨ, ਪਰ 1884 ਵਿੱਚ ਓਹਨਾ ਨੇ ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ਕ ਦਾ ਪਦ ਸੰਭਾਲਿਆ।
ਨਿਰਮਾਣ
ਸੋਧੋਬਹੁਤ ਦੇਰ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਗੌਦੀ ਨੇ ਇਸਦੇ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਬਾਰੇ ਟਿੱਪਣੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਕਿ: "ਮੇਰੇ ਗਾਹਕ ਨੂੰ ਕੋਈ ਜਲਦੀ ਨਹੀਂ।[10] ਗੌਦੀ ਦੀ ਜਦੋਂ 1926 ਵਿੱਚ ਮੌਤ ਹੋਈ ਤਾਂ ਬਾਸੀਲਿਕਾ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ 15 ਤੋਂ 25 ਪ੍ਰਤੀਸ਼ਤ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ।[11][12] ਗੌਦੀ ਦੇ ਮੌਤ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੋਮੇਨੇਤਸ ਸੁਗਰਾਨੇਸ (Domènec Sugrañes) ਦੀ ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ ਅਧੀਨ ਜਾਰੀ ਰੱਖੀ ਗਈ। 1936 ਵਿੱਚ ਸਪੇਨੀ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਜੰਗ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਇਸਦੀ ਉਸਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਗਤੀ ਧੀਮੀ ਹੋ ਗਈ। ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਭਾਗ ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਅਲੱਗਵਾਦੀਆਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਤਬਾਹ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਦੇ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਦੇ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨੁਕਸਾਨ ਪਹੁੰਚਿਆ। 1940 ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ ਫਰਾਂਸੇਸ ਕੀਟਾਨਾ(Francesc Quintana), ਇਸਿਦਰੇ ਪੁਇਗ ਬੋਆਦਾ (Isidre Puig BOADA), ਲੁਇਸ ਬੋਨੇਟ ਏ ਗਾਰੀ (Lluís Bonet i Gari) ਅਤੇ ਫ੍ਰਾਂਸੇਸਕ ਕਾਰਦੋਨੇਰ (Francesc Cardoner) ਨੇ ਇਸ ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਾਇਆ। ਇਸ ਯੋਜਨਾ ਦੇ ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ਕ ਜੋਰਦੀ ਬੋਨੇਟ ਏ ਅਰਮੇਗੋਲ (Jordi Bonet i Armengol) ਸਵਰਗਵਾਸੀ ਲੁਇਸ ਬੋਨੇਤ ਏ ਗਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ ਹੈ। ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ ਦੇ ਮਾਰਕ ਬਰੀ (Mark Burry) ਇਸਦੀ ਕਾਰਜਕਾਰੀ ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ।
ਇਸਦੇ ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਵਾਲਟ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ 2000 ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ।
ਗੈਲਰੀ
ਸੋਧੋਹਵਾਲੇ
ਸੋਧੋ- ↑ "Sagrada Família gets final completion date – 2026 or 2028". The Guardian. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ:Invalid
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- ↑ "Unesco, Works of Antoni Gaudí". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ↑ "Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia". Patrimonio Historico – Base de datos de bienes inmuebles (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)[ਮੁਰਦਾ ਕੜੀ] - ↑ Drummer, Alexander (23 July 2010). "Pontiff to Proclaim Gaudí's Church a Basilica". ZENIT. Archived from the original on 25 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ↑ "The Pope Consecrates The Church Of The Sagrada Familia". Vatican City: Vatican Information Service. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 ਨਵੰਬਰ 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ Delaney, Sarah (4 March 2010). "Pope to visit Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona in November". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 7 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 The Gaudí & Barcelona Club Sagrada Família
- ↑ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ:Invalid
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- ↑ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ:Invalid
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- ↑ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ:Invalid
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- ↑ Gladstone, Valerie (22 August 2004). "ARCHITECTURE: Gaudí's Unfinished Masterpiece Is Virtually Complete". The New York Times.
ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ
ਸੋਧੋਬਾਹਰੀ ਵੀਡੀਓ | |
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Gaudí, Sagrada Família, Smarthistory | |
Finalization of the Interior (in Catalan), Temple Sagrada Família |
- Localización en Google Maps
- Web oficial
- Parroquia de la Sagrada Familia Archived 2011-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. (en catalán)
- Completo análisis de las formas geométricas de Gaudí Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- Estructura hiperboloide de la Sagrada Família Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine. (en inglés)
- Declaración de Patrimonio Mundial de obras de Gaudí, entre ellas la fachada del Nacimiento y la cripta de la Sagrada Familia (en francés)
- La Sagrada Familia y el gótico Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- Audioguía educativa sobre La Sagrada Familia Archived 2014-12-30 at the Wayback Machine.
ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ
ਸੋਧੋ- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002E-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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ਪੁਸਤਕ ਸੂਚੀ
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- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003B-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003C-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003D-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003E-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003F-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000040-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000041-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000042-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000043-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000044-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000045-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000047-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000048-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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ਅੱਗੇ ਪੜੋ
ਸੋਧੋ- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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