The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Russian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
| IPA |
Examples |
IPA |
Examples[1] |
English approximation
|
|---|
| Consonants
|
|---|
| b
|
бок; небо
|
bʲ
|
беглый; воробей
|
boot; beautiful
| | d
|
дом; деда
|
dʲ
|
делает; Владимир
|
do; adieu
| | f
|
фата; выставка;[2] Чехов;[3] шурф
|
fʲ
|
фея; червь[3] |
fool; few
| | ɡ
|
говорю; другой
|
ɡʲ
|
гербарий; ноги
|
goo; argue
| | ɣ
|
Господи;[4] interj. ага, ого[4] |
| |
|
j
|
есть; юла; я; толстый[5] |
yes, boy
| | k
|
кость; книга; рука; бок
|
kʲ
|
кишки; короткий
|
cool; cute
| | l
|
луна; стула ; ствол[6] |
lʲ
|
лес; колено; мысль
|
pill; least
| | m
|
мыло; думать; там
|
mʲ
|
мясо; доме
|
moot; mute
| | n
|
нос; он
|
nʲ
|
нёс; они; корень
|
noon; newt (for some dialects)
| | p
|
пыль; тропа; скрип; зуб[3] |
pʲ
|
пепел; зыбь[3] |
pool; pew
| | r
|
рыба; широкий; орла; жир
|
rʲ
|
река; четыре; три; зверь
|
trilled r, like in Spanish
| | s
|
собака; писать; нос; глаз[3] |
sʲ
|
синий; здесь; есть; грызть[2] |
soup; assume (for some dialects)
| | ʂ
|
широкий; наш; хороший; муж;[3] что
|
ɕː
|
щегол; считать; мужчина; вращать[7] |
shop; fish show, fresh cheese
| | t
|
тот; читаю; водка;[2] лёд[3] |
tʲ
|
тереть; дитя; грудь[3] |
tool; tune (for some dialects)
| | t͡s
|
цель; птица; отец
|
t͡ɕ
|
чай; печень; течь
|
tsunami, cats; chip
| | v
|
ваш; давать; его[8] |
vʲ
|
вести; человек
|
voodoo; view
| | x
|
ходить; ухо; Бог[4] |
xʲ
|
хина; лёгкий[2][4] |
bach; huge (for some dialects).
| | z
|
заезжать; язык
|
zʲ
|
зелёный; озеро; просьба;[2] |
zoo; azure (for some dialects)
| | ʐ
|
жест; тяжёлый
|
ʑː
|
дрожжи; заезжать[9] |
rouge; asia
|
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
|---|
| Stressed vowels
|
|---|
| a
|
трава́
|
father
| | æ
|
пять
|
pat
| | ɑ
|
па́лка[10] |
palm
| | e
|
пень
|
pay
| | ɛ
|
жест; э́то
|
met
| | i
|
си́него
|
meet
| | ɨ
|
ты; ши́шка
|
roses (for some dialects)
| | o
|
о́блако
|
chore
| | ɵ
|
тётя
|
audio
| | u
|
пу́ля
|
moon
| | ʉ
|
чуть; ю́жный
|
choose
| | Unstressed vowels
|
|---|
| ɐ
|
паро́м; сообража́ть; тропа́
|
bud
| | ə
|
ко́жа; ше́я; о́блако
|
about
| | ɪ
|
тяжёлый; эта́п; четы́ре
|
bit
| | ɨ
|
дыша́ть; жена́; го́ды
|
dinner
| | ʉ
|
юти́ться
|
youth
| | ʊ
|
мужчи́на
|
put
|
| Other symbols used in transcription of Russian pronunciation
|
|---|
| IPA |
Explanation
|
|---|
| ˈ
|
Stress (placed before the stressed syllable),
for example этап [ɪˈtap]
|
|
- ↑ Russian makes contrasts between palatalized ("soft") and unpalatalized ("hard") consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript j, ‹ ʲ› , are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j/, /ɕː/, /tɕ/, /ʑː/ are also considered "soft".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 In consonant clusters, the voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence (Halle 1959, p. 31)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Voiced obstruents (/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/, and /ʑː/) are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959, p. 22).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 In some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as "Господи!", "Бог", as well as interjections, ‹г› is more often pronounced [ɣ] and [x]. When /ɡ/ loses its voicing, it is also lenited (a form of dissimilation) before plosives in the word roots -мягк-/-мягч-, -легк-/-легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто.
- ↑ The "soft" vowel letters <е> <ю> and <я> represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels or a yer. When such vowels are unstressed, the /j/ may be deleted.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ] but this feature is nondistinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 187-188).
- ↑ While many speakers pronounce words with ‹щ› as [ɕɕ] and others as [ɕtɕ], none contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes words spelled with other letters, though speakers with the [ɕɕ] pronunciation may still pronounce words like считывать with [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between ‹с› and ‹ч›.
- ↑ Intervocalic <г> can represent /v/ in certain words and affixes
- ↑ In many dialects, the phoneme /ʑː/ is replaced with /ʐ/.
- ↑ [ɑ] appears between a hard consonant (or a pause) and /l/
