ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ

ਮਦਦ:IPA

IPA-ਮੁਨਾਸਬ ਅੱਖਰ ਬਨਾਵਟਾਂ ਲਾਉਣ ਲਈ, ਦੇਖੋ ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਧੁਨੀਆਤਮਕ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ § IPA ਅੱਖਰ-ਬਨਾਵਟ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ।
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪਾਠਕਾਂ ਲਈ IPA ਲਿਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁੱਢਲੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਲਈ, ਦੇਖੋ ਮਦਦ:IPA/ਜਾਣ-ਪਛਾਣ।

ਹੇਠਾਂ ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਧੁਨੀਆਤਮਕ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ ਦੇ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੂਲ ਟੀਕਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਗੁੱਟ ਲਈ ਜੋ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲਈ ਕਾਫ਼ੀ ਹਨ, ਮਦਦ:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲਈ IPA ਵੇਖੋ। ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਦੁਰਲੱਭ IPA ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ; ਇਹ ਮੁੱਖ IPA ਲੇਖ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ।

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ, German, and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Mandarin Chinese, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Arabic, and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as Swahili, Turkish, and Zulu.

The left-hand column displays the symbols like this:  (i) listen [ a ]. Click on the speaker icon to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. All the sounds are spoken more than once, and the consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help.

ਫਰਮਾ:CompactTOC8

ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ

ਸੋਧੋ

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

   Symbol    ਮਿਸਾਲਾਂ ਵੇਰਵਾ
A
 (i)   [ a ] Mandarin 他 tā, German Mann For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ ä ] ਸਪੇਨੀ casa, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ patte
 (i)   [ aː ] German Aachen, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ gare Long [a].
 (i)   [ ɐ ] RP cut, German Kaiserslautern (With English, [ɐ] is normally written "[ʌ]".)
 (i)   [ ɑ ] Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
 (i)   [ ɑː ] RP father, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ pâte Long [ɑ].
[ ɑ̃ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Caen, sans, temps Nasalized [ɑ].
 (i)   [ ɒ ] RP cot Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
 (i)   [ ʌ ] Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When "[ʌ]" is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
 (i)   [ æ ] RP cat
B
 (i)   [ b ] English babble
 (i)   [ ɓ ] Swahili bwana Like a [b] said with a gulp.
 (i)   [ ʙ ] Like the brrr sound made when cold.
 (i)   [ β ] ਸਪੇਨੀ la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children" Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
C
 (i)   [ c ] Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and" Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Punjabi.
 (i)   [ ç ] German Ich More y-like than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
 (i)   [ ɕ ] Mandarin Xi'an, Polish ściana More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
 (i)   [ ɔ ] see under O
D
 (i)   [ d ] English dad
 (i)   [ ɗ ] Swahili Dodoma Like [d] said with a gulp.
 (i)   [ ɖ ] American English harder Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
 (i)   [ ð ] English the, bathe
 (i)   [ dz ]1 English adze, Italian zero
 (i)   [ dʒ ]1 English judge
 (i)   [ dʑ ]1 Polish niedźwiedź "bear" Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
 (i)   [ dʐ ]1 Polish dżem "jam" Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
E
 (i)   [ e ] Spanish fe; ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ clé
 (i)   [ eː ] German Klee Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
 (i)   [ ə ] English above, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਠੱਗ [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ ɚ ] American English runner
 (i)   [ ɛ ] English bet
[ ɛ̃ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Agen, vin, main; Polish mięso Nasalized [ɛ].
 (i)   [ ɜ ] RP bird (long)
[ ɝ ] American English bird
F
 (i)   [ f ] English fun
 (i)   [ ɟ ] see under J
 (i)   [ ʄ ] see under J
G
 (i)   [ ɡ ] English gag (Should look like  . No different from a Latin "g")
 (i)   [ ɠ ] Swahili Uganda Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
 (i)   [ ɢ ] Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi.
 (i)   [ ʒ ] see under Z English beige.
H
 (i)   [ h ] American English house
 (i)   [ ɦ ] English ahead, when said quickly.
[ ʰ ] The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ or ਸਪੇਨੀ [t].
[ ʱ ] The extra puff of air in English dob [dʱɒb] compared to zdob [zdɒb], or to ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ or ਸਪੇਨੀ [d].
 (i)   [ ħ ] Arabic محمد Muhammad Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
 (i)   [ ɥ ] see under U
[ ɮ ] see under L
I
 (i)   [ i ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ville, ਸਪੇਨੀ Valladolid
 (i)   [ iː ] English sea Long [i].
 (i)   [ ɪ ] English sit
 (i)   [ ɨ ] Russian ты "you" Often used for unstressed English roses.
J
 (i)   [ j ] English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ ʲ ] Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] Indicates a sound is more y-like.
 (i)   [ ʝ ] ਸਪੇਨੀ cayo (some dialects) Like [j], but stronger.
 (i)   [ ɟ ] Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Punjabi.
 (i)   [ ʄ ] Swahili jambo Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
K
 (i)   [ k ] English kick, skip
L
 (i)   [ l ] English leaf
 (i)   [ ɫ ] English wool
Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" 		"Dark" el.
 (i)   [ ɬ ] Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey"
Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" 		Rather like [l] and [ʃ] or [l] and [θ] said together. Found in Welsh names like Lloyd and Llywelyn and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
 (i)   [ ɭ ] Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
 (i)   [ ɺ ] A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
 (i)   [ ɮ ] Zulu dla "eat" Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
M
 (i)   [ m ] English mime
 (i)   [ ɱ ] English symphony Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ ɯ ] see under W
 (i)   [ ʍ ] see under W
N
 (i)   [ n ] English nun
 (i)   [ ŋ ] English sing
 (i)   [ ɲ ] ਸਪੇਨੀ Peña, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ champagne Rather like English canyon.
 (i)   [ ɳ ] ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਰੁਣ [ʋəruɳ] Varuna Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
 (i)   [ ɴ ] Castilian ਸਪੇਨੀ Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
O
 (i)   [ o ] ਸਪੇਨੀ no, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ eau
 (i)   [ oː ] German Boden, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Vosges Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
 (i)   [ ɔ ] German Oldenburg, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Garonne
 (i)   [ ɔː ] RP law, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Limoges Long [ɔ].
[ ɔ̃ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Lyon, son; Polish wąż Nasalized [ɔ].
 (i)   [ ø ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ feu, bœufs Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
 (i)   [ øː ] German Goethe, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Deûle, neutre Long [ø].
 (i)   [ ɵ ] Swedish dum Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
 (i)   [ œ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ bœuf, seul, German Göttingen Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
 (i)   [ œː ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ œuvre, heure Long [œ].
[ œ̃ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ brun, parfum Nasalized [œ].
 (i)   [ θ ] see under other
 (i)   [ ɸ ] see under other
P
 (i)   [ p ] English pip
Q
 (i)   [ q ] Arabic Qur’ān Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
R
 (i)   [ r ] ਸਪੇਨੀ perro, Scots borrow "Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)
 (i)   [ ɾ ] ਸਪੇਨੀ pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie "Flapped R".
 (i)   [ ʀ ] A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ.
 (i)   [ ɽ ] ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾੜੀ [sɑːɽiː] "sari" Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
 (i)   [ ɹ ] RP borrow
 (i)   [ ɻ ] American English borrow, butter Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
 (i)   [ ʁ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Paris, German Riemann Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
S
 (i)   [ s ] English sass
 (i)   [ ʃ ] English shoe
 (i)   [ ʂ ] Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
T
 (i)   [ t ] English tot, stop
 (i)   [ ʈ ] ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਠੱਗ [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
 (i)   [ ts ]2 English cats, Russian царь tsar
 (i)   [ tʃ ] 2 English church
 (i)   [ tɕ ]2 Mandarin 北京  (i)   Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you" Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
 (i)   [ tʂ ]2 Mandarin zh, Polish czas Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
U
 (i)   [ u ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ vous "you"
 (i)   [ uː ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food Long [u].
 (i)   [ ʊ ] English foot, German Bundesrepublik
 (i)   [ ʉ ] Australian English food (long) Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
 (i)   [ ɥ ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ lui Like [j] and [w] said together.
 (i)   [ ɯ ] see under W
V
 (i)   [ v ] English verve
 (i)   [ ʋ ] ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਰੁਣ [ʋəruɳə] ਵਰੁਣ Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
 (i)   [ ɣ ] Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive", ਸਪੇਨੀ suegro Sounds rather like ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ [ʁ] or between [g] and [h].
 (i)   [ ɤ ] Mandarin Hénán Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ ʌ ] see under A
W
 (i)   [ w ] English wow
[ ʷ ] English rain [ɹʷeɪn] Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
 (i)   [ ʍ ] what (some dialects) like [h] and [w] said together
 (i)   [ ɯ ] Turkish kayık "caïque" Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
 (i)   [ ɰ ] Spanish agua
X
 (i)   [ x ] Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", ਸਪੇਨੀ joven between [k] and [h]
 (i)   [ χ ] northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian ਸਪੇਨੀ Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
Y
 (i)   [ y ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ rue Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
 (i)   [ yː ] German Bülow, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ sûr Long [y].
 (i)   [ ʏ ] German Eisenhüttenstadt Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
 (i)   [ ʎ ] ਇਤਾਲਵੀ tagliatelle Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
 (i)   [ ɥ ] see under U
 (i)   [ ɤ ] see under V
[ ɣ ] see under V
Z
 (i)   [ z ] English zoos
 (i)   [ ʒ ] English vision, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ journal
 (i)   [ ʑ ] formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
 (i)   [ ʐ ] Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat" Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɮ ] see under L
other
 (i)   [ θ ] English thigh, bath
 (i)   [ ɸ ] Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeː'nuiː] wharenui Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
 (i)   [ ʔ ] English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
 (i)   [ ʕ ] Arabic عربي (carabī) "Arabic" A light sound deep in the throat.
 (i)   [ ǀ ] English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
 (i)   [ ǁ ] English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
 (i)   [ ǃ ] Zulu iqaqa "polecat" (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ].
  • ^1 ^2 These symbols are officially written with a tie linking them (e.g. d͡ʒ & t͡ʃ), and are also sometimes written as single characters (e.g. ʤ & ʧ) though the latter convention is no longer official. They are written without ligatures here to ensure correct display in all browsers.

ਭੇਦਸੂਚਕ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ

ਸੋਧੋ

All diacritics are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a.

Symbol Example Description
[ ˈa ] pronunciation
[pʰɹɜʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] 		Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ ˌa ] Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ aː ] English shh! [ʃː] Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[ aˑ ] RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ a̯ ] English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[ ã ] ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ vin blanc [vɛ̃blɑ̃] "white wine" A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ n̥ ] Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[ n̩ ] English button A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[ d̪ ] ਸਪੇਨੀ dos, ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ deux The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
[ kʰ ] English come Voiceless aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[ ɡʱ ] English gome Voiced aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [dʱ bʱ dzʱ dʒʱ dʑʱ].
[ k’ ] Zulu ukuza "come" Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[ á ] Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother" High tone (Pinyin: mā) Careful!
The Pinyin Romanization used for Mandarin has these same diacritics, but with different values.
However, Thai Romanization uses them the way the IPA does.
[ ā ] Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother" Mid tone (Pinyin: ma).
[ à ] Mandarin 马的 [màdɤ] "horse's" Low tone (Pinyin: mǎ).
[ â ] Mandarin 骂 [mâ] "scold" Falling tone (Pinyin: mà).
[ ǎ ] Mandarin 麻 [mǎ] "hemp" Rising tone (Pinyin: má).
[ . ] English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp] Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

ਕਮਾਨੀਆਂ

ਸੋਧੋ

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

  • /Slashes/ indicate those meaningful sounds in a pronunciation that are most prominently and broadly distinguished as the basic sounds of a language by its own native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. Since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two letter ‹l› sounds in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bomba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same single b sound, /laˈbomba/. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
  • [Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as [ˈlɐɫz], with different letter ‹l› sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of other languages that differentiate between the sounds [l] and [ɫ], though a native English speaker will likely not hear the two as different (since in English they are both regarded as phonetic variations—allophones—of the same /l/ phoneme). Likewise, Spanish la bomba has two unique ‹b› sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—[laˈβomba]—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make any difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation, usually regarding a specific dialect of a language.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

  • Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/ in talks /tɔːks/ or as /z/ in lulls /lʌlz/, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic /tɔːks/ and /lʌlz/ are essentially //tɔːks// and //lʌls// underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words //tɔːkz// and //lʌlz//.

Lastly,

  • ⟨Angle brackets⟩ may be used to represent the orthographic representation: ⟨lulls⟩, ⟨la bomba⟩, though these are not supported on all computers. To get around this technical limitation, ‹chevrons› are also used; in addition, because they're easier to type, the less-than and greater-than signs (< >) that appear on most keyboards are commonly used for this purpose.[1]


Voiced velar plosive

ਸੋਧੋ

These two characters should look similar:

ɡ  

If in the box to the left you see the symbol   rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font MS Reference Sans Serif or other; switching to Lucida Sans Unicode or Arial Unicode should fix it.

ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਅੱਖਰ-ਬਨਾਵਟ 'ਤੇ: [ɡ].

ਫਰਮਾ:MFSample

Affricates ਅਤੇ ਦੁੱਗਣੀ ਜੋੜਬੰਦੀ

ਸੋਧੋ

The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font:

ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.

Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default font:

t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m,

and in other several fonts: ਫਰਮਾ:MFSample

ਕੋਨ ਕਮਾਨੀਆਂ

ਸੋਧੋ

True angle brackets, ⟨ ⟩, are unsupported by several common fonts, and so have been replaced by ‹ › or < > in most Wikipedia articles. However,

  1. ↑ Because < > are used in html, they may trigger an html element. For example, <i> on a web page would not show up as such but would instead italicize text that followed. This can be avoided by writing &lt; or &#60; or <nowiki><</nowiki> instead of <.


ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ

ਸੋਧੋ
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