ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ

ਗੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ: ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ

Browse history interactively
← ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਅਗਲੀ ਸੋਧ →
ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਮਿਟਾਈ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਜੋੜੀ
VisualWikitext
ਛੋ clean up using AWB
ਛੋ clean up ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਨਾਲ AWB
ਲਾਈਨ 1:
[[File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar Nevalstisko organizāciju un Ministru kabineta sadarbības memorandu parakstījušām nevalstiskajām organizācijām (8435701674).jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[ਵਾਲਦਿਸ ਦੌਂਬਰੋਵਸਕੀਸ]], ਤਦ [[ਲਾਤਵੀਆ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ]], ਕਿਸੇ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਦੇ ਨੁਮਾਇੰਦੇ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਦੇ ਹੋਏ]]
 
'''ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ''' ('''ਐੱਨ.ਜੀ.ਓ.''') ਅਜਿਹੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਨਾ ਤਾਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੋਵੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਨਾ ਹੀ ਕਿਸੇ ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਮੁਨਾਫ਼ਾਖ਼ੋਰ ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ ਦਾ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਹੀ ਥਾਪਦੇ ਹਨ ਪਰ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਸਰਕਾਰਾਂ, ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਂ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਜਾਂ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਲੋਕ ਭਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੁਝ ਤਾਂ ਖ਼ਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਇਕੱਠਾ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਮੁਕੰਮਲ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਸਵੈ-ਸੇਵਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਚਲਾਈਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। [[ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ|ਅਮਰੀਕਾ]] ਵਿੱਚ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ ਮੁਤਾਬਕ 15 ਲੱਖ ਅਜਿਹੀਆਂ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/01/12/fact-sheet-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-the-united-states/|title=Fact Sheet: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States «|publisher=Humanrights.gov|date=January 12, 2012|accessdate=2013-12-24}}</ref> [[ਰੂਸ]] ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਗਿਣਤੀ 227,000 ਹੈ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Hobbled NGOs wary of Medvedev|date=May 7, 2008|work=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-07/news/0805060608_1_civil-society-russian-authorities-russian-president-vladimir-putin}}</ref> [[ਭਾਰਤ]] ਵਿੱਚ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ 20 ਲੱਖ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਮਤਲਬ ਹਰੇਕ 600 ਭਾਰਤੀਆਂ ਪਿੱਛੇ ਇੱਕ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਸਕੂਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਹਤ ਕੇਂਦਰਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ।<ref>{{cite web|title=India: More NGOs, than schools and health centres|work=[http://www.oneworld.net/ OneWorld.net]|date=July 7, 2010|url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-more-ngos-than-schools-and-health-centres|accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=First official estimate: An NGO for every 400 people in Indiain।ndia|work=The IndianThe।ndian Express|date=July 7, 2010|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/first-official-estimate-an-ngo-for-every-400-people-in-india/643302/}}</ref>
 
==ਅਗਾਂਹ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ==
{{refbegin}}
* Susan Cotts Watkins, Ann Swidler, and Thomas Hannan. 2012. "[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516 Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations]." Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 38, pp.&nbsp;285–315, [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516 PDF]
* Davies, T. 2014. NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN।SBN 9780199387533.
* Velusamy M. Non Governmental Organisation, Dominant Publishers & Distribution Ltd, New Delhi
* Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. ''NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom'' Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 [http://www.churchland.co.za/upload/files/OccasionalPaperNo3.pdf Churchland.co.za]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}
* Olivier Berthoud, ''NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity'' [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1526 Envio.org.ni], PDF [http://www.edinter.net/docs/ONGBOLEN0102.pdf Edinter.net] Envio, Managua, 2001
* Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey
* Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Informationof।nformation in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN।SBN 3-598-22030-8
* Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research iNGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007]'' – [[European University Center for Peace Studies|EPU]] Research Papers: Issue।ssue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 {{de icon}}
* [[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]], "Dilemmas facing INGOsfacing।NGOs in coalition-occupied Iraqoccupied।raq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of Internationalof।nternational Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.
* [[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]], "NGONGO।nvolvement Involvement in Internationalin।nternational Human Rights Monitoring, International।nternational Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41-69.
* Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?
* Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and Internationaland।nternational Governance," Michigan Journal of Internationalof।nternational Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286.
* Abahlali baseMjondolo [http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/ ''Rethinking Public Participation from Below''], 'Critical Dialogue', 2006
* Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).
* Edward A. L. Turner (2010) ''[http://escholarship.org/uc/item/97p470sx Why Has the Number of Internationalof।nternational Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960?]'', [[Cliodynamics]], 1, (1).
* Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient - Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books.
The ''de facto'' reference resource for information and statistics on Internationalon।nternational NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational forms is the [[Yearbook of Internationalof।nternational Organizations]], produced by the [[Union of Internationalof।nternational Associations]].
* David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009): Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York: Routledge.
* Issa।ssa G. Shivji (2007): Silence in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi: Fahamu.
* Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010): Evaluating Transnational NGOs: Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.
{{refend}}
"https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ਗੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ_ਸੰਸਥਾ" ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ