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ਮਦਦ:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans

ਫਰਮਾ:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-nl}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters § Notes.

See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. bait
d Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. duck
f Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. feats
ɣ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 1] no English equivalent; roughly like loch (Scottish)
ɦ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 1] behind
j Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. yard
k Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ski
l Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. land
m Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. man
n Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. neck
ŋ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. long
p Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 2] sport
r Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 3] American atom, or bar, or Scottish loch, but voiced
s Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. between sip and ship (retracted) (N), sip (B)
t Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 2] stop
v Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 1] very, but more forceful
ʋ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 4] like a looser very
x Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.,[lower-alpha 1] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 2] loch (Scottish English)
z Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 1] between zone and genre (retracted) (N), zone (B)
Marginal consonants
c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 5] cheer
ɡ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 6] goal
ɟ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 5] jeep
ɱ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. symphony
ɲ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 5] somewhat like canyon
ʃ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 5] ship
ʒ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 5] genre
ʔ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [bəˈʔɛindəx],
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
[-ə ˈʔoː-][lower-alpha 7] 		catch in uh-oh!
Stress
ˈ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. 		as in commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
ˌ
Other representations
( ) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈmaːkə(n)]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [zɛl(ə)f] 		Optional sound[lower-alpha 8]
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Checked vowels[lower-alpha 9]
ɑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. father, but rather short
ɛ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. bed
ɪ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. sit
ɔ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. off
ʏ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. roughly like nurse
Free vowels and diphthongs[lower-alpha 9]
aː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. father
eː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 10] American may (N), Scottish may (B)
ə Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. again
i Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. deep
oː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 10] American go (N), story (B)
y Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. roughly like few
øː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 10] roughly like fur
u Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. roughly like rule
ɑi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. price
aːi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. prize
ʌu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. out
ɛi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. roughly like Australian may
eːu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. say oo
iu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ew!
ɔi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. choice
oːi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. boys
œy Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. roughly like Canadian ice
ui Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. gooey
yu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. RP too
Marginal vowels
ɛː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 11] square (British English)
iː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 12] wheeze
ɔː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 13][lower-alpha 14] thought
œː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 13] roughly like fur
uː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 12] rule
yː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 12] roughly like fugue
ɑ̃ː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 13] roughly like croissant
ɛ̃ː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 13] roughly like doyen
ɔ̃ː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[lower-alpha 13] roughly like montage

Notes

ਸੋਧੋ
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/ɣ/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.[1][2] Southern /x/, /ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal.[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /ɣ/ into a post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ];[1][2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.[2] /ʒ/ often joins this neutralization by merging with /ʃ/. In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [ˈrɪbə(n)] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦət ˈfeː]
  3. ↑ The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar flap [ɾ], a uvular trill [ʀ] or voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands.
  4. ↑ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The alveolo-palatal stops [c] and [ɟ], the fricatives [ʃ] and [ʒ], and the nasal [ɲ] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/, /sj/, /zj/ and /nj/. [ɟ] and [ʒ] occur only in loanwords. [ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [c]).
  6. ↑ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [ˈzɑɡduk].
  7. ↑ The glottal stop [ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [aː] and [ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
  8. ↑ After the schwa, the final /n/ is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced [ˈmaːkə], especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking /n/. An intrusive /n/ may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? [ˈrɛcənət]. In stems ending in /ən/ (such as teken [ˈteːkən] 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een /ən/ the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional /ən/ is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen [ˈteːkənə(n)] 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between /l/ or /r/ and /m, p, k, f, x/ (in the case of /r/ alone also /n/) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence /rɣ/, so that morgen 'morning', pronounced [ˈmɔrɣə(n)] in Standard Dutch, is pronounced [ˈmɔrəɣə(n)].[3]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ], unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.[4][5] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
  11. ↑ Mainly found in loanwords.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before /r/ in both native and non-native words.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Found in loanwords.
  14. ↑ In Belgium, /ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as /oː/.

References

ਸੋਧੋ

Citations

ਸੋਧੋ
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gussenhoven 1999, p. 74.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Collins & Mees 2003, p. 48.
  3. ↑ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 197, 201, 216–7.
  4. ↑ Gussenhoven 1999, p. 76.
  5. ↑ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 133–4.

Sources

ਸੋਧੋ
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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