ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਵੰਸ਼

ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਵੰਸ਼ (/ˈsæfəvɪd, ˈsɑː-/; Persian: دودمان صفوی, romanized: Dudmâne Safavi,^[1] ਉਚਾਰਨ [d̪uːd̪ˈmɒːne sæfæˈviː]) 1501 ਤੋਂ 1736 ਤੱਕ ਰਾਜ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਈਰਾਨ ਦੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਸ਼ਾਸਕ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਸੀ।^[2] ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਨੂੰ ਅਕਸਰ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਈਰਾਨੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਬਾਰੂਦ ਦੇ ਸਾਮਰਾਜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ।^[3]^[4] ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਇਸਮਾਈਲ I ਨੇ ਸ਼ੀਆ ਇਸਲਾਮ ਦੇ ਬਾਰ੍ਹਵੀਂ ਸੰਪਰਦਾ ਨੂੰ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਧਰਮ ਵਜੋਂ ਸਥਾਪਿਤ ਕੀਤਾ, ਜੋ ਇਸਲਾਮ ਦੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਮੋੜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਹੈ।^[5] ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਸੂਫੀਵਾਦ ਦੇ ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਕ੍ਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਈਰਾਨੀ ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਰਦਾਬਿਲ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਾਪਿਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ।^[6] ਇਹ ਕੁਰਦ ਮੂਲ ਦਾ ਈਰਾਨੀ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ ਸੀ, ਪਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਤੁਰਕੋਮਾਨ ਨਾਲ ਵਿਆਹ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ।^[7]^[8] ਜਾਰਜੀਅਨ, ਸਰਕੇਸੀਅਨ, ਅਤੇ ਪੋਂਟਿਕ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਪਤਵੰਤੇ, ਫਿਰ ਵੀ ਉਹ ਤੁਰਕੀ ਬੋਲਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਅਤੇ ਤੁਰਕੀ ਸਨ।^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] ਅਰਦਾਬਿਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਬੇਸ ਤੋਂ, ਸਫਾਵਿਦਾਂ ਨੇ ਗ੍ਰੇਟਰ ਈਰਾਨ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਣ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਖੇਤਰ ਦੀ ਈਰਾਨੀ ਪਛਾਣ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੜ ਦੁਹਰਾਇਆ,^[14] ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਾਸਾਨੀਅਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਇੱਕ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਰਾਜ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਮੂਲ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ ਜਿਸਨੂੰ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਇਰਾਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਜਾਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।^[15]

ਸਫਾਵਿਦਾਂ ਨੇ 1501 ਤੋਂ 1722 ਤੱਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਕੀਤਾ (1729 ਤੋਂ 1736 ਅਤੇ 1750 ਤੋਂ 1773 ਤੱਕ ਇੱਕ ਸੰਖੇਪ ਬਹਾਲੀ ਦਾ ਅਨੁਭਵ ਕੀਤਾ) ਅਤੇ, ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਉਚਾਈ 'ਤੇ, ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਹੁਣ ਈਰਾਨ, ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ ਗਣਰਾਜ, ਬਹਿਰੀਨ, ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆ, ਪੂਰਬੀ ਜਾਰਜੀਆ, ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਕੀਤਾ। ਰੂਸ, ਇਰਾਕ, ਕੁਵੈਤ ਅਤੇ ਅਫਗਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਸਮੇਤ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕਾਕੇਸ਼ਸ, ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਤੁਰਕੀ, ਸੀਰੀਆ, ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ, ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਅਤੇ ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਹਿੱਸੇ।

ਹਵਾਲੇ

↑
* Afšār, ta·līf-i Iskandar Baig Turkmān. Zīr-i naẓar bā tanẓīm-i fihristhā wa muqaddama-i Īraǧ (2003). Tārīkh-i ʻʻālamārā-yi ʻʻAbbāsī (in ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ) (Čāp-i 3. ed.). Tihrān: Mu·assasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr. pp. 17, 18, 19, 79. ISBN 978-964-00-0818-8.
- p. 17: dudmān-i safavīa
- p. 18: khāndān-i safavīa
- p. 19: sīlsīla-i safavīa
- p. 79: sīlsīla-i alīa-i safavīa
↑ "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids.
↑ "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. 13 June 2017. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
↑ Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.
↑ Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. et al., eds. (2012) [1995]. "Ṣafawids". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
↑ Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
↑
* Matthee, Rudi. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18; "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)".
- Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8. "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."
- Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"
↑
* Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214, 229
- Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. p. 3
- Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 628-636
- Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI. Encyclopaedia Iranica
↑ Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"
↑ ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਵੰਸ਼ at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
↑ Yarshater 2001, p. 493.
↑ Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130–1
↑ Khanbaghi 2006, p. 130.
↑ Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties? RM Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.
↑ Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".

[1] * Afšār, ta·līf-i Iskandar Baig Turkmān. Zīr-i naẓar bā tanẓīm-i fihristhā wa muqaddama-i Īraǧ (2003). Tārīkh-i ʻʻālamārā-yi ʻʻAbbāsī (in ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ) (Čāp-i 3. ed.). Tihrān: Mu·assasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr. pp. 17, 18, 19, 79. ISBN 978-964-00-0818-8.
p. 17: dudmān-i safavīa

p. 18: khāndān-i safavīa

p. 19: sīlsīla-i safavīa

p. 79: sīlsīla-i alīa-i safavīa

[2] . 17: dudmān-i safavīa

[3] . 18: khāndān-i safavīa

[4] . 19: sīlsīla-i safavīa

[5] . 79: sīlsīla-i alīa-i safavīa

[2] "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids.

[Iranica-3] "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. 13 June 2017. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

[4] Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.

[savoryeiref-5] Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. et al., eds. (2012) [1995]. "Ṣafawids". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.

[Matthee_2021-6] Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.

[7] * Matthee, Rudi. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18; "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)".
Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8. "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."

Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"

[12] Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8. "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."

[13] Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"

[8] * Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214, 229
Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. p. 3

Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 628-636

Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI. Encyclopaedia Iranica

[15] Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. p. 3

[16] Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 628-636

[17] Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI. Encyclopaedia Iranica

[Anthony_Bryer_1975-9] Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"

[10] ਸਫਾਵਿਦ ਵੰਸ਼ at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."

[FOOTNOTEYarshater2001493-11] Yarshater 2001, p. 493.

[12] Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130–1

[FOOTNOTEKhanbaghi2006130-13] Khanbaghi 2006, p. 130.

[14] Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties? RM Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.

[15] Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".

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