ਗਰਮੀ

ਇਹ ਲੇਖ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੇ ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਧੀ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੈ। ਹੋਰ ਵਰਤੋਆਂ ਲਈ, ਦੇਖੋ ਗਰਮੀ (ਗੁੰਝਲ-ਖੋਲ੍ਹ)।

ਹੀਟ ਜਾਂ ਗਰਮੀ, ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਸਤੂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਦਰਮਿਆਨ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਅੰਤਰ ਕਾਰਨ ਵਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਮਾਤਰਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

ਹਵਾਲੇ

ਹਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

• Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
• Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). Physical Chemistry, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-19-954337-3.
• Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum Scientiarum, translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902.
• Baierlein, R. (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65838-6.
• Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American।nstitute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.
• Born, M. (1949). Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, Oxford University Press, London.
• Bryan, G.H. (1907). Thermodynamics. An।ntroductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
• Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an।ntroduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8.
• Carathéodory, C. (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik". Mathematische Annalen. 67: 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.
• Clark, J. O. E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-4616-8.
• Clausius, R. (1854). Annalen der Physik (Poggendoff's Annalen), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p. 481; translated in the Journal de Mathematiques, vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the Philosophical Magazine, August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p. 81.
• Clausius, R. (1865/1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies, London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) here and here.
• De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications।nc., New York, ISBN 0486647412.
• Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-23682-7.
• Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). Entropy, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, ISBN 0-691-11338-6.
• Guggenheim, E.A. (1967) [1949], Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists (fifth ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
• Jensen, W.B. (2010). "Why Are q and Q Used to Symbolize Heat?" (PDF). J. Chem. Educ. 87 (11): 1142. Bibcode:2010JChEd..87.1142J. doi:10.1021/ed100769d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 Mar 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• J. P. Joule (1884), The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, The Physical Society of London, p. 274, Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. 5 and 12 May 1847.
• Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics, second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.
• Kondepudi, D. (2008), ।ntroduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Chichester UK: Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
• Kondepudi, D., Prigogine,।. (1998). Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, ISBN 0-471-97393-9.
• Landau, L., Lifshitz, E.M. (1958/1969). Statistical Physics, volume 5 of Course of Theoretical Physics, translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford.
• Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-ISBN 978-3-540-74252-4.
• Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, Chapter 8 of Entropy, Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
• Maxwell, J.C. (1871), Theory of Heat (first ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
• Partington, J.R. (1949), An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry., vol. volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, London: Longmans, Green and Co. {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
• Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856552-6.
• Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
• Planck, M., (1897/1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, first English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
• Planck. M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation, a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
• Planck, M., (1923/1927). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
• Reif, F. (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. New York: McGraw-Hlll,।nc.
• Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications, Prentice Hall, London, ISBN 0-13-288267-1.
• Truesdell, C. (1969). Rational Thermodynamics: a Course of Lectures on Selected Topics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
• Truesdell, C. (1980). The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4.

ਹੋਰ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

• Beretta, G.P.; E.P. Gyftopoulos (1990). "What is heat?" (PDF). Education in thermodynamics and energy systems. AES. 20. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
• Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P. (1991). Thermodynamics: foundations and applications. (Dover Publications)
• Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.

ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ

• Heat on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
• Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins – Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
• Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer – ChE Online Resources