ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ

ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਉਪਭਾਸ਼ਾ (ਖਰੀਬੋਲੀ) ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮੁਢਲਾ ਪੜਾਅ ਸੀ, ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਉਰਦੂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰਵਜ ਸੀ।^[1] ਇਹ ਸ਼ੌਰਸੇਨੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਤੋਂ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਹੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਪੱਟੀ ਦੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ, ਖਾਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਦੇ ਆਲੇ-ਦੁਆਲੇ, ਲਗਭਗ 13ਵੀਂ-15ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੋਲਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਇਹ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਮੁੱਠੀ ਭਰ ਰਚਨਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਿਤ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਵੀ ਅਮੀਰ ਖੁਸਰੋ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੁਝ ਰਚਨਾਵਾਂ, ਕਵੀ-ਸੰਤ ਨਾਮਦੇਵ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਵਿਤਾਵਾਂ, ਅਤੇ ਆਦਿ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੂਫ਼ੀ ਸੰਤ ਬਾਬਾ ਫ਼ਰੀਦ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੁਝ ਤੁਕਾਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ।^[2]^[3] ਕਬੀਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਰਚਨਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਉਹ ਖਰੀਬੋਲੀ ਵਰਗੀ ਉਪਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੇਵਨਾਗਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਖੀ ਗਈ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ-ਅਰਬੀ ਲਿਪੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ।^[4]

ਕੁਝ ਵਿਦਵਾਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ 769 ਈਸਵੀ (ਸਿੱਧ ਸਰਹਪਦ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਦੋਹਕੋਸ਼^[5]^[6]) ਵਿੱਚ ਅਪਭ੍ਰਸ਼ ਕਾਵਿ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ,^[7] ਪਰ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸਵੀਕਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।^[8]

ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਕ੍ਰਿਤਿਕ ਅਧਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਤੋਂ ਉਧਾਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜਨ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ, ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਹੋਈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਹਿੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਜੋਕੀ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧ ਗਈ।^[7]

ਹਵਾਲੇ ਸੋਧੋ

↑ Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (in English). University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780521299442.
↑ Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), The Hindi Songs of Namdev, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-906831-107-5
↑ Hindi: Language, Discourse, and Writing (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University. 2002. p. 171.
↑ "Hindi Language and Literature".
↑ "Employment News".
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. p. 11-12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.
↑ Cardona, George, ed. (2007), "Hindi", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 276–314, ISBN 978-0-700-71130-7. {{citation}}: |editor2-first= missing |editor2-last= (help) Pp. 279–280: "Both within the Hindi and Urdu literary traditions many scholars attempt to assign as early a date as possible for the inception of Hindi, Urdu, or a common Hindi-Urdu literature. R.A. Dwivedi (1966:5), for instance, sees the earliest period of Hindi literature as extending from 760 AD and extending up to the eleventh century. Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars [...] The more generally agreed upon starting places for ‘Hindi’ literatures several centuries later (twelfth-fourteenth centuries), lie in several bodies of texts."

ਹੋਰ ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ ਸੋਧੋ

Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. Brill. ISBN 9789004254893.

[Mody2008-1] Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (in English). University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[2] Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780521299442.

[3] Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), The Hindi Songs of Namdev, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-906831-107-5

[4] Hindi: Language, Discourse, and Writing (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University. 2002. p. 171.

[5] "Hindi Language and Literature".

[6] "Employment News".

[DelacyAhmed2005-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. p. 11-12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.

[8] Cardona, George, ed. (2007), "Hindi", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 276–314, ISBN 978-0-700-71130-7. {{citation}}: |editor2-first= missing |editor2-last= (help) Pp. 279–280: "Both within the Hindi and Urdu literary traditions many scholars attempt to assign as early a date as possible for the inception of Hindi, Urdu, or a common Hindi-Urdu literature. R.A. Dwivedi (1966:5), for instance, sees the earliest period of Hindi literature as extending from 760 AD and extending up to the eleventh century. Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars [...] The more generally agreed upon starting places for ‘Hindi’ literatures several centuries later (twelfth-fourteenth centuries), lie in several bodies of texts."

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