ਮਦਦ:ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਲਈ IPA
ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਦੇ ਧੁਨੀ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਵਿਸਤਾਰ-ਸਹਿਤ ਚਰਚਾ ਲਈ ਵੇਖੋ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ।
| ਵਿਅੰਜਨ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ਮੋਕਲਾ[1] | ਪਤਲਾ[2] | ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ | |||
| IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲ | IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲ | ||
| bˠ | bain, scuab | bʲ | béal, cnáib | boot; beautiful | |
| d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | dʲ | dearg, cuid | do (but dental), though in Hiberno-English; dew | |
| fˠ | fós, graf pholl |
fʲ | fíon, stuif phríosún |
fool; fuel | |
| ɡ | gasúr, bog | ɟ | geata, carraig | goose; argue | |
| ɣ | dhorn ghasúr |
j | dhearg gheata |
(no equivalent); yellow | |
| h[3] | Shasana, shean thaisce, theanga hata, na héisc |
hand | |||
| k | cáis, mac | c | ceist, mic | coot; cute | |
| l̪ˠ[4] | labhair, balla | l̠ʲ[4] | leabhair, goilleadh | filth; million | |
| lˠ[4] | fhlaith, bealach | lʲ[4] | fhleasc, goile | pool; leaf | |
| mˠ | mór, am | mʲ | milis, im | moot; mute | |
| n̪ˠ[5] | naoi, donna | n̠ʲ[5] | ní, bainne | tenth; inch | |
| nˠ[5] | dona | nʲ[5] | bainis | noon; new | |
| ŋ | ngasúr | ɲ | ngeata | long; angular | |
| pˠ | poll, stop | pʲ | príosún, truip | poor; pure | |
| ɾˠ | rí, cuairt, barr, cairr | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | rule (but tapped); real (but tapped) | |
| sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | ʃ | sean, cáis | soon; sheet | |
| t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tʲ | tír, beirt | tool (but dental), thorn in Hiberno-English; tune | |
| w[6] | bhain, dubh mhór, léamh vóta |
vʲ | bhéal, sibh mhilis, nimh veidhlín |
woo; view | |
| x | cháis, taoiseach | ç | cheist, deich | loch (Scottish English); hue (pronounced strongly) | |
| ਸਵਰ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲਾਂ | ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੁਲ | |
| a | mac | trap | |
| aː | tá | llama | |
| ɛ | ceist | best | |
| eː | mé, Gael | pay | |
| ɪ | ith, duine | kit | |
| iː | mín | mean | |
| ɔ | olc, deoch | cloth | |
| oː | bó, ceol | roll | |
| ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | |
| uː | tú | too | |
| ə | solas, milis | sofa | |
| iə | bia | idea | |
| uə | fuar | truant | |
| əi | saghas | light | |
| əu | leabhar | about | |
| ਵਾਧੂ-ਵਿਭਾਜਕ | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | ਵੇਰਵਾ | |
| ˈ | Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable); usually the first syllable except in Munster | |
| ˌ | Secondary stress (usually found only in compounds) | |
Comparison to other phonetic transcription schemes
ਸੋਧੋMaterials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, although this is not standard IPA usage.
This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the system used in some other works.
| IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[7] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[8] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[9] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[10] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[11] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[12] (Cois Fhairrge) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[13] (Lárchanúint) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
| aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
| bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
| c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
| ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
| d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
| eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
| ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
| ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
| əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
| əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
| fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
| fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
| ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
| ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
| h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
| iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
| ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
| iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
| j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
| ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
| k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
| lˠ | l | l | |||||
| l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
| lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
| mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
| n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
| nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
| n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
| nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
| ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
| ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
| ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
| pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
| ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
| ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
| sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
| t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | |
| tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
| uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
| ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
| uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
| vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
| w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
| x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
ਹਵਾਲੇ
ਸੋਧੋ- ↑ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, but not in Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
- ↑ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
- ↑ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "l" sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as /l̪ˠ/, and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as /lʲ/. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as /l/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "n" sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
- ↑ Also /vˠ/ in some positions in some dialects.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
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