The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Polish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
All voiced obstruents /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʐ, ʑ, dʐ, dʑ/ are devoiced (so /d/ becomes [t], etc.) at the ends of words and in clusters ending in any unvoiced obstruents /p, t, k, f, s, x, ʂ, ɕ, tʂ, tɕ/. The voiceless obstruents are voiced (/x/ becoming [ɣ], etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except /v, ʐ/, which are themselves devoiced in this case.
See Polish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Polish.
|
|
| Vowels
|
| IPA |
Polish |
Example |
English approximation
|
| a
|
a
|
tam
|
father (shorter)
|
| ɛ
|
e
|
dżem
|
bed
|
| ɛ̃
|
ę[4]
|
kęs
|
van
|
| i
|
i[1]
|
piwo
|
eat (shorter)
|
| ɨ
|
y
|
my
|
roses
|
| ɔ
|
o
|
rok
|
walk (shorter)
|
| ɔ̃
|
ą[4]
|
wąs
|
wrong
|
| u
|
u, ó
|
duży
|
boot (shorter)
|
| Other symbols used for Polish
|
| IPA |
Explanation
|
| ˈ
|
Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
Usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
|
| ˌ
|
Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
|
| .
|
Syllable break.
|
|
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.[ਜਵਾਬ]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 The letter ‹i›, when followed by a vowel, either represents a pronunciation like a ‹j› or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ‹pjes›).
It has the same effect as an acute accent on alvoelar consonants (‹s›, ‹z›, ‹c›, ‹dz›, ‹n›). So się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ‹śę›, ‹ćos›, ‹ńańa›. A following ‹i› also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel, so for example zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if spelled ‹źima›, ‹ći›, ‹dźiśaj›.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Affricates such as /ts/ and /dʐ/) are correctly written with tie-bars: /t͡s/, /d͡ʐ/. The tie-bars are omitted in the above chart, as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish does contrast affricates with stop + fricative clusters, like czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard" with the front of the tongue raised, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft" with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of a ‹y› or ‹ee› sound to them.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 The letters ‹ą› and ‹ę› represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/, except when followed by a stop or affricate, where they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate (e.g. kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [pʲiˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pʲeˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpʲeɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]).
- ↑ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.
