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ਮਦਦ:ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ancient Greek and Modern Greek pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  Today, pronunciation of Ancient Greek is mostly based on Erasmian pronunciation. However, native Greek speakers use Modern Greek pronunciations for Ancient Greek words and phrases.

See Ancient Greek phonology and Modern Greek phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of these languages.

 
Consonants
Greek
alphabet		 IPA Examples English equivalent
for Modern Greek
Anc. Mod.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. h ∅ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros] hero (Ancient Greek only)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. b v Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈvios] vet
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ɡ ɣ  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈɣala]  No English equivalent
ʝ[1]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ʝi]  yellow
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. d ð  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [dɛ̂ːmos], [ðimos] then
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. dz[2] z  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈzoni] zero
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. tʰ θ  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [θeoloˈʝia] thing
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. k k  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [kaˈlos] sky
c[1] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈciklos] somewhat like key
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. l l Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [leksiˈko] lie
ʎ[3]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [e̞ˈʎa] million
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. m Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [mixaniˈkos] mine
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. n n Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈneos] nine
ɲ[3] νιότη [ˈɲoti] onion
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ks  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ksenofoˈvia] tax
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. p  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈproɣrama] spy
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. r r[4]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ritoriˈci] trilled r, as in Italian and Spanish
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. r̥[5]  
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[6] s  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈsistima] sea
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. t  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [tiˈlefono] step
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. pʰ f  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [feˈnomeno] fly
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. kʰ x Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈxaos] loch (Scottish)
ç[1]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [çiˈroɣrafos] (often) human
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ps  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [psixoθeraˈpia] tips
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ŋɡ ŋɡ, ŋɣ[7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [aŋˈɡuri]/Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [siŋɣraˈfeas] finger
ɲɟ, ɲʝ[1][7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈaɲɟelos]/Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eɲʝeˈnis] angel
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ŋk ɡ, ŋɡ[7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eŋˈɡomio] good, finger
ɟ, ɲɟ[1][7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eɲɟikloˈpeðia] argue, angular
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ŋkʰ ŋx[7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈaŋxos] often ankh
ɲç[1][7] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eɲˈçirisi] sometimes ankhes
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ŋks ŋks  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈeleŋksa] thanks
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. b, mb[7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [emˈbaθia] book, amble
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. d, nd[7]  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [enˈdaksi] duck, under
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ts  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈtsai] cats
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. dz  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈdzaz] pads
Vowels
Greek
alphabet		 IPA Examples English equivalent
for Modern Greek
Anc. Mod.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. a a Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [alˈfavito] tar, spa
aː
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. aj e between bet and bait
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. e Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eˈnerʝia]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. eː i[8][9] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eˈnerʝia] seem
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ɛː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [iθiˈci]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. i  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [istoˈria]
iː
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.[10] y Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [iʝiiˈni]
yː
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. oj Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ikonoˈmia]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. uj Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [iˈos]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. o o Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [orɣanizˈmos] hope
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ɔː Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈora]
αυ aw av, af Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈavra] /Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [afθendiˈkos] [a] then [v] / [f]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ew ev, ef Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [evˈropi] / Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [efoˈria] [e̞] then [v] / [f]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ɛːw iv, if Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [eˈfivra] / Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ifksiˈmenos] [i] then [v] / [f]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. oː u Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [utoˈpia] boot
Stress and tone
IPA Examples
Ancient Greek
á Acute: High tone on short vowels
ǎː Acute: Rising tone on long vowels and diphthongs
a   Grave: low tone ([à])
âː Circumflex: Falling tone on long vowels and diphthongs
Modern Greek
ˈa Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
[ˈalos] 		Stress mark: placed before the stressed syllable or vowel.
Represented in monotonic orthography by tonos.
Occurs on one of final three syllables, including any enclitics.

Notes

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ਹਵਾਲੇ

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. represent palatal [ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç] only before the front vowels [i] and [e]. The velar and palatal series are sometimes analyzed as allophones of a single dorsal series.
  2. ↑ Also may have been /zd/.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 [ʎ] and  [ɲ] are usually analysed as clusters of /li/ and /ni/ respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography.  Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of yet another vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/.  If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.
  4. ↑ May be a tap [ɾ] intervocalically.
  5. ↑ May have been /rʰ/.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. represents [z] before [b v m r ɣ] e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈzminos]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. usually represent [ŋɡ~ɲɟ mb nd] when found in the middle of a Greek word, [ɡ~ɟ b d] when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [amˈbeli], μπαμπάς [baˈbas]
  8. ↑ The large number of mergers into Modern Greek /i/ is called Iotacism.
  9. ↑ Letters normally representing /i/ can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar [ɣ k x ɡ], palatal [ʝ c ç ɟ] occur (e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ʝaˈʝa], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈcolas], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈçoni], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [maˈɟa]. A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; [ʝ] follows voiced consonants [v b d ð z r] (e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [ˈcerʝa], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [varˈʝeme]) and [ç] follows voiceless consonants [f p θ t s t͡s] (e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [karfˈça], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [pços], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [reˈviθça]). Similarly [ɲ] follows [m] under similar situations (e.g.: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [mɲa], Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. [kalaˈmɲa]
  10. ↑ When following a vowel, Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. represents a pronunciation with [f] before Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found., and a pronunciation with [v] elsewhere.
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