| Consonants
|
Greek
alphabet |
IPA |
Examples |
English equivalent
for Modern Greek
|
| Anc. |
Mod.
|
| ῾
|
h
|
∅
|
ἥρως [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros]
|
hero (Ancient Greek only)
|
| β
|
b
|
v
|
βίος [ˈvios]
|
vet
|
| γ
|
ɡ
|
ɣ
|
γάλα [ˈɣala]
|
No English equivalent
|
| ʝ[1]
|
γη [ʝi]
|
yellow
|
| δ
|
d
|
ð
|
δῆμος [dɛ̂ːmos], [ðimos]
|
then
|
| ζ
|
dz[2]
|
z
|
ζώνη [ˈzoni]
|
zero
|
| θ
|
tʰ
|
θ
|
θεολογία [θeoloˈʝia]
|
thing
|
| κ
|
k
|
k
|
καλός [kaˈlos]
|
sky
|
| c[1]
|
κύκλος [ˈciklos]
|
somewhat like key
|
| λ
|
l
|
l
|
λεξικό [leksiˈko]
|
lie
|
| ʎ[3]
|
ελιά [e̞ˈʎa]
|
million
|
| μ
|
m
|
μηχανικός [mixaniˈkos]
|
mine
|
| ν
|
n
|
n
|
νέος [ˈneos]
|
nine
|
| ɲ[3]
|
νιότη [ˈɲoti]
|
onion
|
| ξ
|
ks
|
ξενοφοβία [ksenofoˈvia]
|
tax
|
| π
|
p
|
πρόγραμμα [ˈproɣrama]
|
spy
|
| ρ
|
r
|
r[4]
|
ρητορική [ritoriˈci]
|
trilled r, as in Italian and Spanish
|
| ῥ
|
r̥[5]
|
|
| σ[6]
|
s
|
σύστημα [ˈsistima]
|
sea
|
| τ
|
t
|
τηλέφωνο [tiˈlefono]
|
step
|
| φ
|
pʰ
|
f
|
φαινόμενο [feˈnomeno]
|
fly
|
| χ
|
kʰ
|
x
|
χάος [ˈxaos]
|
loch (Scottish)
|
| ç[1]
|
χειρόγραφος [çiˈroɣrafos]
|
(often) human
|
| ψ
|
ps
|
ψυχοθεραπεία [psixoθeraˈpia]
|
tips
|
| γγ
|
ŋɡ
|
ŋɡ, ŋɣ[7]
|
αγγούρι [aŋˈɡuri]/συγγραφέας [siŋɣraˈfeas]
|
finger
|
| ɲɟ, ɲʝ[1][7]
|
άγγελος [ˈaɲɟelos]/εγγενής [eɲʝeˈnis]
|
angel
|
| γκ
|
ŋk
|
ɡ, ŋɡ[7]
|
εγκώμιο [eŋˈɡomio]
|
good, finger
|
| ɟ, ɲɟ[1][7]
|
εγκυκλοπαίδεια [eɲɟikloˈpeðia]
|
argue, angular
|
| γχ
|
ŋkʰ
|
ŋx[7]
|
άγχος [ˈaŋxos]
|
often ankh
|
| ɲç[1][7]
|
εγχείριση [eɲˈçirisi]
|
sometimes ankhes
|
| γξ
|
ŋks
|
ŋks
|
έλεγξα [ˈeleŋksa]
|
thanks
|
| μπ
|
|
b, mb[7]
|
εμπάθεια [emˈbaθia]
|
book, amble
|
| ντ
|
|
d, nd[7]
|
εντάξει [enˈdaksi]
|
duck, under
|
| τσ
|
|
ts
|
τσάι [ˈtsai]
|
cats
|
| τζ
|
|
dz
|
τζαζ [ˈdzaz]
|
pads
|
|
| Vowels
|
Greek
alphabet |
IPA |
Examples |
English equivalent
for Modern Greek
|
| Anc. |
Mod.
|
| α
|
a
|
a
|
αλφάβητο [alˈfavito]
|
tar, spa
|
| aː
|
|
| αι
|
aj
|
e
|
|
between bet and bait
|
| ε
|
e
|
ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia]
|
| ει
|
eː
|
i[8][9]
|
ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia]
|
seem
|
| η
|
ɛː
|
ηθική [iθiˈci]
|
| ι
|
i
|
ιστορία [istoˈria]
|
| iː
|
|
| υ[10]
|
y
|
υγιεινή [iʝiiˈni]
|
| yː
|
|
| οι
|
oj
|
οικονομία [ikonoˈmia]
|
| υι
|
uj
|
υιός [iˈos]
|
| ο
|
o
|
o
|
οργανισμός [orɣanizˈmos]
|
hope
|
| ω
|
ɔː
|
ώρα [ˈora]
|
| αυ
|
aw
|
av, af
|
αύρα [ˈavra] /αυθεντικός [afθendiˈkos]
|
[a] then [v] / [f]
|
| ευ
|
ew
|
ev, ef
|
ευρώπη [evˈropi] / ευφορία [efoˈria]
|
[e̞] then [v] / [f]
|
| ηυ
|
ɛːw
|
iv, if
|
εφηύρα [eˈfivra] / ηυξημένος [ifksiˈmenos]
|
[i] then [v] / [f]
|
| ου
|
oː
|
u
|
ουτοπία [utoˈpia]
|
boot
|
| Stress and tone
|
| IPA |
Examples |
|
| Ancient Greek
|
| á
|
|
Acute: High tone on short vowels
|
| ǎː
|
Acute: Rising tone on long vowels and diphthongs
|
| a
|
|
Grave: low tone ([à])
|
| âː
|
|
Circumflex: Falling tone on long vowels and diphthongs
|
| Modern Greek
|
| ˈa
|
άλλος
[ˈalos]
|
Stress mark: placed before the stressed syllable or vowel.
Represented in monotonic orthography by tonos.
Occurs on one of final three syllables, including any enclitics.
|
|
