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ਮਦਦ:ਸਵੀਡਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਰਵੇਈ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swedish and Norwegian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Swedish phonology and Norwegian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of these languages. Examples in the table are Swedish unless otherwise noted.

Consonants
IPA Examples Nearest English equivalent
Swed. Norw.
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|b]] abort ('abortion') about
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɕ]] [[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ç]] Kina ('China') Swedish: sheep; Norwegian: hue
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|d]] dag ('day') do
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɖ]][1] nord ('north') order
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|f]] fot ('foot') fold
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɡ]] god ('good') ago
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|h]] hatt ('hat') hoot
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɧ]][2] [[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʂ]] Swedish: sjö, Norwegian: sjø ('lake')
 Swedish: Scottish English loch; Norwegian: shoe
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|j]] jojo ('yo-yo') you
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|k]] kafé ('café') coo
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|l]] lake (Norwegian and Swedish: 'brine', 'burbot') love
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɭ]][1] Karl (male first name) twirl
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|m]] man ('mane') mood
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|n]] natt ('night') noon
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɳ]][1] barn ('child') turner
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ŋ]] ting ('thing') long
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|p]] pappa ('father') pool
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|r]][3] år ('year') A flapped or trilled R.
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|s]] sabel ('sabre') soon
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʂ]][1] torsdag ('Thursday') marshal (in some dialects)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|t]] torsdag ('Thursday') too
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʈ]][1] parti ('political party') cartel
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|v]] vaktel ('quail') vote
Vowels
IPA Examples Nearest English equivalent
Swed. Norw.
ɑː mat [ˈmɑːt] "food" bra
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|a]] [[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɑ]] fast [ˈfast]/[ˈfɑst] "steady, unmoving" British stack
eː hel [ˈheːl] "whole" Scottish save
ɛː häl [ˈhɛːl] "heel" there
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɛ]] häll/helle [ˈhɛl] "flat rock" hell
æː[4] ära [æːra]/ære [æːre] "honour" Australian ham
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|æ]][4] färsk/fersk [ˈfæʂːk] "fresh" trap
iː sil [ˈsiːl] "sieve" leaf
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɪ]] sill/sild [ˈsɪl]/[ˈsɪl(d)] "herring" hill
oː mål [ˈmoːl] "goal" Scottish/Canadian stove
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɔ]] moll [ˈmɔl] "minor" (music) moll, with round lips
øː dö/dø [ˈdøː] "die" No English equivalent; German long ö
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|œ]] nött [ˈnœt] "worn" /nøtt "nut" No English equivalent; German short ö
œː[4] öra [œːra] "ear" No English equivalent; French sœur
ʉː[5] ful [ˈfʉːl] "ugly, cunning, sly" fuel, Australian food, with tight lips[6]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɵ]] [[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʉ]] full [ˈfɵl]/[ˈfʉl] "full" British butcher
uː[5] bot [ˈbuːt] "penance" boot
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʊ]][5] bott [ˈbʊt] "lived" put, with tight lips
yː[5] syl [ˈsyːl] "awl" No English equivalent; French long u
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʏ]][5] syll [ˈsʏl] "sleeper" (railroad) in Swedish;
fylle "fill" in Norwegian 		No English equivalent; German short ü
unstressed
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ə]] begå [bəˈgoː] "commit" about
Stress and tone
IPA Examples from a rich regional variety
Swedish
ˈa [ˈandɛn]
"the duck" 		Tone 1 / acute accent:
• Single stress with single falling tone in Stockholm: [ˈândɛn]
• Low tone [ˈà] in Oslo and falling tone [ˈâ] in western Norway
ˈa.ˈa [ˈanˈdɛn]
"the spirit" 		Tone 2 / grave accent:
• Double stress with double falling tone in Stockholm: [ˈânˈdɛ̂n]
• Falling-rising tone [ˈâ] in Oslo and rising-falling tone in western Norway

Notes ਸੋਧੋ

ਹਵਾਲੇ ਸੋਧੋ

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs wherein clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish and many Southern and Western Norwegian dialects these are [ʀd], [ʀl], [ʀn], [ʀs], [ʀt].
  2. ↑ Swedish /ɧ/ is a regionally variable sound, sometimes [xʷ], [ɸˠ], or [ʂ]
  3. ↑ /r/ is regionally variable, being alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed in Swedish. /ɛː/ and /ɛ/ lower to [æ]; /øː/, and /œ/ are lowered to [œ̞], though the diacritic is not included in the chart above for simplicity.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Vowels spelt u, o are compressed vowels. Those spelt ö/ø, y, å, on the other hand, are protruded vowels.
  6. ↑ [ʉː] is a central vowel in Oslo, but a front vowel in Stockholm.

Bibliography ਸੋਧੋ

"https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਮਦਦ:ਸਵੀਡਨੀ_ਅਤੇ_ਨਾਰਵੇਈ_ਲਈ_IPA&oldid=245562" ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ