ਮਦਦ:Wiki markup
Wiki markup, also known as wikitext or wikicode, consists of the syntax and keywords used by the MediaWiki software to format a page. To learn how to see this markup, and to save an edit, see: Help:Editing. There is a short list of markup and tips at Help:Cheatsheet.
In addition to wiki markup, some HTML elements are also allowed for presentation formatting. See Help:HTML in wikitext for information on this.
Layout
ਸੋਧੋSections
ਸੋਧੋSections in a page will follow the page's lead/introduction and (under certain conditions,) the Table of Contents.
Section headings
ਸੋਧੋThe =
through ======
markup are headings for the sections with which they are associated.
- A single = is styled as the article title and should not be used within an article.
- Headings are styled through CSS and add an
[edit]
link. - Four or more headings cause a table of contents to be generated automatically.
- Do not use any markup after the final heading markup – this will either break the heading, or will cause the heading to not be included in an edit summary.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
== Section == |
|
=== Subsection === |
|
==== Sub-subsection ==== |
|
And so on.
Wiki headings translate to HTML heading elements, <h1>
through <h6>
, styled as follows by default:
Templates: {{fake heading}} for use in documentation.
Horizontal rule
ਸੋਧੋThe horizontal rule represents a paragraph-level thematic break. Do not use in article content, as rules are only used after main sections, and this is automatic.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
---- |
|
HTML equivalent: <hr />
Table of contents
ਸੋਧੋWhen a page has at least four headings, a table of contents (TOC) will automatically appear after the lead and before the first heading. The TOC can be controlled by magic words or templates:
__FORCETOC__
forces the TOC to appear at the normal location regardless of the number of headings.__TOC__
forces the TOC to appear at the point where the magic word is inserted instead of the normal location.__NOTOC__
disables the TOC entirely.- {{TOC limit}} can be used to control the depth of subsections included in the TOC. This is useful where the TOC is long and unwieldy.
- Category:Wikipedia table of contents templates contains a number of specialized TOC templates.
Line breaks
ਸੋਧੋLine breaks or newlines are used to add whitespace between lines, such as separating paragraphs.
- A line break that is visible in the content is inserted by pressing ↵ Enter twice.
- Pressing ↵ Enter once will place a line break in the markup, but it will not show in the rendered content, except when using list markup.
- Markup such as bold or italics will be terminated at a line break.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
A single newline here has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part. |
ਫਰਮਾ:Crlf2 A single newline here has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part. |
HTML equivalent: <br>
or <br />
Templates:
- {{break}} adds multiple line breaks.
- {{-}} and {{clear}} adds a break with styling, to clear floating elements.
- {{plainlist}} and {{unbulleted list}} both create an unbulleted list.
Indent text
ਸੋਧੋIndentation is most commonly used on talk pages.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
Indentation as used on talk pages: :Each colon at the start of a line ::causes the line to be indented by three more character positions. :::(The indentation persists so long as no carriage return or line break is used.) :::Repeat the indentation at any line break. ::::Use an extra colon for each response. :::::And so forth ... ::::::And so on ... {{Outdent|::::::}}The outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here) |
Indentation as used on talk pages:
so long as no carriage return or line break is used.)
ਫਰਮਾ:OutdentThe outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here) |
Templates: {{outdent}}, {{outdent2}}
Blockquote
ਸੋਧੋWhen there is a need for separating a block of text. This is useful for (as the name says) inserting blocks of quoted (and cited) text.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<blockquote> The '''blockquote''' tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does. </blockquote> |
|
Center text
ਸੋਧੋMarkup | Renders as |
---|---|
|
Centered text
|
Template {{center}} uses the same markup. To center a table, see Help:Table#Centering tables.
Please do not use <center>...</center>
, as it is obsolete.
Align text to right
ਸੋਧੋYou can align content in a separate container:
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
|
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Text on the right Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
|
Or; make the text float around it:
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
|
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Text on the right Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
|
{{stack|Text on the right}} |
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Text on the right |
Lists
ਸੋਧੋDo not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list.
Unordered lists
ਸੋਧੋMarkup | Renders as |
---|---|
* Item1 * Item2 * Item3 * Item4 ** Sub-item 4 a) *** Sub-item 4 a) 1. **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) ** Sub-item 4 b) * Item5 |
|
Ordered lists
ਸੋਧੋMarkup | Renders as |
---|---|
# Item1 # Item2 # Item3 # Item4 ## Sub-item 1 ### Sub-sub-item #### Sub-sub-sub-item ## Sub-item 2 # Item5 |
|
Description lists
ਸੋਧੋ
To list terms and definitions, start a new line with a semicolon (;) followed by the term. Then, type a colon (:) followed by a definition. The format can also be used for other purposes, such as make and models of vehicles, etc.
Description lists (formerly definition lists, and a.k.a. association lists) consist of group names corresponding to values. Group names (terms) are in bold. Values (definitions) are indented. Each group must include one or more definitions. For a single or first value, the :
can be placed on the same line after ;
– but subsequent values must be placed on separate lines.
Error: no text specified (help).
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
; Term : Definition1 |
|
; Term : Definition1 : Definition2 : Definition3 : Definition4 |
|
HTML equivalent: <dl>
<dt>...</dt>
, <dd>...</dd>
</dl>
Templates: {{defn}}
Retaining newlines and spaces
ਸੋਧੋThe MediaWiki software suppresses single newlines and converts lines starting with a space to preformatted text in a dashed box. HTML suppresses multiple spaces. It is often desirable to retain these elements for poems, lyrics, mottoes, oaths and the like. The Poem extension adds HTML-like <poem>...</poem>
tags to maintain newlines and spaces. These tags may be used inside other tags such as <blockquote>...</blockquote>
. CSS styles may be applied to this tag, e.g.: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">
.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<poem> In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. </poem> |
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan |
Format
ਸੋਧੋText formatting
ਸੋਧੋDescription | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
italics, bold, small capital letters |
To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''. Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''. '''''Italic and bold formatting''''' only works correctly within a single line. For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}. |
To italicize text, put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. Three apostrophes each side will bold the text. Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces bold italics. Italic and bold formatting only works correctly within a single line. For text as small caps, use the template {{smallcaps}}. |
Small chunks of source code within a line of normal text. Code is displayed in a monospace font. |
function <code>int m2()</code> is nice. |
function |
Syntax highlighting for source code. Computer code has colored text and more stringent formatting. For example, to define a function: |
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <iostream> int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) { std::cout <<"Hello World!"; return 0; }</syntaxhighlight> |
#include <iostream>
int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {
std::cout <<"Hello World!";
return 0;
}
|
Small text |
Use <small>small text</small> only
when necessary.
|
Use small text only when necessary. |
a <small> span |
To match, for example, the font-size
used in an [[Help:Visual file
markup#Caption|image caption]],
the "small" tag can also be used to
<small style="font-size:87%;">reduce
a text's font-size to 87%</small>.
|
To match, for example, the font-size used in an image caption, the "small" tag can also be used to reduce a text's font-size to 87%. |
Big text |
Better not use <big>big text</big>,
unless <small>it's <big>within</big>
small</small> text.
|
Better not use big text, unless it's within small text. |
To prevent two words from becoming separated by a linewrap (e.g. Mr. Smith or 400 km/h) a non-breaking space, sometimes also called a "non-printing character", may be used between them. (For three or more words, the template {{nowrap}} is probably more suitable.) |
Mr. Smith or 400 km/h |
Mr. Smith or 400 km/h |
Extra spacing within text is usually best achieved using the {{pad}} template. |
Mary {{pad|4.0em}} had a little lamb. |
Mary had a little lamb. |
Special characters
ਸੋਧੋSpecial characters can often be displayed using numeric character references or character entity references. See Character encodings in HTML for more information. For example À
and À
both render À (A-grave). Percent-encoding can't be used, as it only works in URLs.
Diacritical marks
ਸੋਧੋDiacritic marks, using character entity references.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø œ ù ú û ü ÿ |
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø œ ù ú û ü ÿ |
Punctuation special characters
ਸੋਧੋUsing character entity references.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
¿ ¡ § ¶ † ‡ • – — ‹ › « » ‘ ’ “ ” ' " |
¿ ¡ § ¶ † ‡ • – — ‹ › « » ‘ ’ “ ” ' " |
Escaping punctuation characters
ਸੋਧੋThe <pre>
and <nowiki>
markup tags are also available, for writing "[", "{", "&", "}", "]" for example. These tags prevent these characters from being recognised as wiki markup, which is a possibility in some circumstances.
Commercial symbols
ਸੋਧੋUsing character entity references.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤ |
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤ |
Greek characters
ਸੋਧੋUsing character entity references.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
α β γ δ ε ζ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω |
α β γ δ ε ζ
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω |
Egyptian hieroglyphs
ਸੋਧੋWikiHiero is a software extension that renders Egyptian hieroglyphs as PNG images using <hiero>
tags.
Example:
Markup | Renders as | ||
---|---|---|---|
<hiero>P2</hiero> |
| ||
Chess symbols
ਸੋਧੋFor example, ♔ displays ♔
Subscripts and superscripts
ਸੋਧੋ- The Manual of Style prefers the
<sub>
and<sup>
formats, for examplex
. So this should be used under most circumstances.<sub>1</sub>
- The latter methods of sub/superscripting cannot be used in the most general context, as they rely on Unicode support which may not be present on all users' machines.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Subscripts |
x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> or x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄ x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉ |
x1 x2 x3 or x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄ x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉ |
Superscripts |
x<sup>1</sup> x<sup>2</sup> x<sup>3</sup> or x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴ x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹ |
x1 x2 x3 or x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴ x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹ |
Combined |
ε<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup> C² / J m 1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E+4 m²]] |
ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C² / J m |
Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters
ਸੋਧੋInvisible and PUA (Private Use Areas) characters should be avoided where possible. When needed, they should both be substituted with their (hexa)decimal code values (as "&#(x)...;"). This renders invisible characters visible, for manual editing, and allows AWB to process pages with PUA characters. The latter should also be tagged with the {{PUA}} template for tracking and future maintenance.
Mathematical characters and formulae
ਸੋਧੋMathematical characters
ਸੋਧੋ- See also Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols, WikiProject Mathematics and TeX.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
∫ ∑ ∏ √ | ∫ ∑ ∏ √ |
− ± ∞ | − ± ∞ |
≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ | ≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ |
≤ ≥ | ≤ ≥ |
× · ÷ ∂ | × · ÷ ∂ |
′ ″ | ′ ″ |
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ | ∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ |
ø | ø |
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ | ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ |
⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ | ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ |
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ | ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ |
⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔ | ⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔ |
→ ↓ ↑ ← ↔ | → ↓ ↑ ← ↔ |
Mathematical formulae
ਸੋਧੋ- Formulae that include mathematical letters, like x, and operators like
×
should not use the plain letterx
. See . For a comprehensive set of symbols, and comparison between<math>
tags and the {{math}} template see section TeX vs HTML.
- The
<math>
tag typesets using , which may render as an image or as HTML, depending on environmental settings. The<math>
tag is best for the complex formula on its own line in an image format. If you use this tag to put a formula in the line with text, put it in the {{nowrap}} template.
- The {{math}} template , and will size-match a serif font, and will also prevent line-wrap. All templates are sensitive to the
=
sign, so remember to replace=
with{{=}}
in template input, or start the input with1=
. Use wikimarkup''
and'''
inside the {{math}} template, as well as other HTML entities. The {{math}} template is best for typeset formulas in line with the text.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<math>2x \times 4y \div 6z + 8 - \frac {y}{z^2} = 0</math> {{crlf|}} {{math|2x × 4y ÷ 6z + 8 − {{Fraction |y|z<sup>2</sup>}} {{=}} 0}} <math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e</math> {{math|sin 2π''x'' + ln ''e''}} |
2x × 4y ÷ 6z + 8 − y⁄z2 = 0
|
Spacing in simple math formulae
ਸੋਧੋ- Using
to prevent line break is not needed; the {{math}} template will prevent line breaks anyway; you can use<br />
if you need an explicit line break inside a formula.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
|
It follows that x2 ≥ 0 for real x. |
Complicated formulae
ਸੋਧੋ- See Help:Displaying a formula for how to use
<math>
. - A formula displayed on a line by itself should probably be indented by using the colon (:) character.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
|
|
Links and URLs
ਸੋਧੋFree links
ਸੋਧੋIn Wikipedia and some other wikis, free links are used in wikitext markup to produce internal links between pages, as opposed to the concept of CamelCase for the same purpose, which was used in the early days of Wikipedia – see CamelCase and Wikipedia.
In Wikipedia's markup language, you create free links by putting double square brackets around text designating the title of the page you want to link to. Thus, [[Texas]]
will be rendered as Texas. Optionally, you can use a vertical bar (|) to customize the link title. For example, typing [[Texas|Lone Star State]]
will produce Lone Star State, a link that is displayed as "Lone Star State" but in fact links to Texas.
Link to another wiki article
ਸੋਧੋ- Internally, the first letter of the target page is automatically capitalized and spaces are represented as underscores (typing an underscore in the link has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended).
- Thus the link hereafter is to the Web address
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport
, which is the Wikipedia article with the name "Public transport". See also Canonicalization. - A red link is a page that doesn't exist yet; it can be created by clicking on the link.
- A link to its own page will appear only as bold text.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
London has [[public transport]]. |
London has public transport. |
Link to this article: "[[Help:Wiki markup]]" will appear only as bold text. |
Link to this article: "Help:Wiki markup" will appear only as bold text. |
Renamed link
ਸੋਧੋ- Same target, different name.
- The target ("piped") text must be placed first, then the text to be displayed second.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
New York also has public transportation. |
Automatically rename links
ਸੋਧੋ- Simply typing the pipe character | after a link will automatically rename the link in certain circumstances. The next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. When previewing your edits, you will not see the expanded form until you press Save and Edit again. The same applies to links to sections within the same page.
- See Pipe trick for details.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Automatically hide stuff in parentheses |
|
|
Automatically hide the comma and following text | [[Seattle, Washington|]]
|
Seattle |
Automatically hide namespace |
|
|
Or both |
|
|
But this doesn't work for section links |
|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]] |
Blend link
ਸੋਧੋ- Endings are blended into the link.
- Exception: a trailing apostrophe (') and any characters following the apostrophe are not blended.
- Preferred style is to use this instead of a piped link, if possible.
- Blending can be suppressed by using the
<nowiki />
tag, which may be desirable in some instances.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Blending active |
|
San Francisco also has public transportation. Examples include buses, taxicabs, and trams. |
Blending suppressed |
|
A micro-second |
Link to a section of a page
ਸੋਧੋ- The part after the hash sign (#) must match a section heading on the page. Matches must be exact in terms of spelling, case, and punctuation. Links to non-existent sections are not broken; they are treated as links to the beginning of the page.
- Include "| link title" to create a stylish (piped) link title.
- If sections have the same title, add a number to link to any but the first. #Example section 3 goes to the third section named "Example section". You can use the pipe and retype the section title to display the text without the # symbol.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics is a link to a section within another page. |
|
#Links and URLs is a link to another section on the current page. Links and URLs is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol. |
|
Italics is a piped link to a section within another page. |
Create a page link
ਸੋਧੋ- To create a new page:
- Create a link to it on some other (related) page.
- Save that page.
- Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing.
- For more information, see starting an article and check out Wikipedia's naming conventions.
- Please do not create a new article without linking to it from at least one other article.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Links to pages that don’t exist yet look red. |
|
The article about cardboard sandwiches doesn't exist yet. |
Redirects
ਸੋਧੋ- Redirect one article title to another by placing a directive like the one shown to the right on the first line of the article (such as at a page titled "USA").
- It is possible to redirect to a section. For example, a redirect to United States#History will redirect to the History section of the United States page, if it exists.
Description | What you type |
---|---|
Redirect to an article |
|
Redirect to a section |
|
- The full page name should be included in double square brackets.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
See the Wikipedia:Manual of Style. |
Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links)
ਸੋਧੋAfter the launch of Wikidata, interlanguage links are now added through it. Links in articles should only exist in special cases, for example when an article in one language has two articles in another language. |
- To link to a corresponding page in another language, use the form:
[[language code:Foreign title]]
. - It is recommended interlanguage links be placed at the very end of the article.
- Interlanguage links are not visible within the formatted article, but instead appear as language links on the sidebar (to the left) under the menu section "languages".
- NOTE: To create an inline link (a clickable link within the text) to any foreign language article, see Help:Interlanguage links#Inline interlanguage links and consider the usage notes.
Description | What you type |
---|---|
Link from English article "Plankton" to the Spanish article "Plancton". "es" is the language code for "español" (the Spanish language). |
[[es:Plancton]] |
Other examples: French ( |
[[fr:Plancton]] [[de:Plankton]] [[ru:Планктон]] [[simple:Plankton]] |
Interwiki link
ਸੋਧੋ- Interwiki links link to any page on other wikis. Interwikimedia links link to other Wikimedia wikis.
- Note that interwikimedia links use the internal link style, with double square brackets.
- See MetaWikiPedia:Interwiki_map for the list of shortcuts; if the site you want to link to is not on the list, use an external link.
- See also Wikimedia sister projects.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Linking to a page on another wiki in English. All of these forms lead to the URL http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hello. | ||
Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. |
|
|
Linking to a page on another wiki in another language. All of these forms lead to the URL http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonjour. | ||
Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. |
|
Categories
ਸੋਧੋ- To put an article in a category, place a link like
[[Category:Example]]
into the article. As with interlanguage links, placing these links at the end of the article is recommended. - To link to a category page without putting the article into the category, use a colon prefix (":Category") in the link.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Categorize an article. |
|
|
Link to a category. |
|
|
Without prefix. |
|
External links
ਸੋਧੋ- Single square brackets indicate an external link. Note the use of a space (not a pipe |) to separate the URL from the link text in a named link. Square brackets may be used as normal punctuation when not linking to anything – [like this].
- A URL must begin with a supported URI scheme:
http://
andhttps://
will be supported by all browsers;irc://
,ircs://
,ftp://
,news://
,mailto:
andgopher://
will require a plugin or an external application. IPv6 addresses in URLs are currently not supported. - A URL containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are percent encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by
%20
. Encoding can be achieved by:
space | " | ' | , | ; | < | > | ? | [ | ] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%20 | %22 | %27 | %2c | %3b | %3c | %3e | %3f | %5b | %5d |
- Or use the {{urlencode:}} magic word. See Help:Magic words in the MediaWiki documentation for more details.
- See External links for style issues, and External link file type templates for indicating the file type of an external link with an icon.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Named link with an external link icon |
|
|
Unnamed link (Only used within article body for footnotes) |
|
|
Bare URL (Bad style) use <nowiki></nowiki> to keep this bad style from showing |
|
|
Link without arrow (Not often used) |
|
Automatic links
ਸੋਧੋMagic links are automatic links for certain unique identifiers, that require no markup. They can be used for ISBN numbers, RFC numbers, and PMID numbers.
Book sources
ਸੋਧੋ- Link to books using their ISBN, which creates a link to Special:BookSources. This is preferred to linking to a specific online bookstore, because it gives the reader a choice of vendors. However, if one bookstore or online service provides additional free information, such as table of contents or excerpts from the text, then a link to that source will aid the user and is recommended. ISBN links do not need any extra markup, provided you use one of the indicated formats.
- To create a link to Special:BookSources using alternative text (e.g. the book's title), use the internal link style with the appropriate namespace.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
Link to a book using alternative text, such as its title |
RFC number
ਸੋਧੋWhat you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
Text mentioning an RFC number anywhere, e.g. RFC 4321. |
Miscellaneous
ਸੋਧੋ"As of" template
ਸੋਧੋ- The As of template generates phrases like "As of April 2009" or "as of April 2009", and categorize information that will need updating. For an explanation of the parameters see the {{As of}} documentation.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2009 ਤੱਕ [update] |
|
ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2009 ਤੱਕ [update] |
Media link
ਸੋਧੋ- To include links to non image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. For images, see next section.
- Some uploaded sounds are listed at Commons:Sound.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
Links directly into edit mode
ਸੋਧੋ- These create links that directly go to the edit or view source tab. For example, to create links to the edit tab for this page, either of the following works:
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Using the {{fullurl}} template |
|
|
Using the {{Edit}} template |
|
|
Links partially italicized
ਸੋਧੋ- Linking to a page with a title containing words that are usually italicized, such as the Hindenburg disaster article.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
Pronunciation aids
ਸੋਧੋIt is often desirable to provide an aid to pronunciation for a word. The IPAc-en and Respell templates can be of assistance.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
Konjac English: /ˈkoʊnjæk/ |
|
Konjac (English: /ˈkoʊnjæk/ KOHN-yak) |
|
Konjac is pronounced /ˈkoʊnjæk/ in English. |
Refer to Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation) for more information.
Musical notation
ਸੋਧੋMusical notation is added by using the <score>...</score>
extension tag. For example:
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<score>\relative c' { fis d fis a d f e d c cis d e a g f ees }</score> |
|
Images
ਸੋਧੋOnly images that have been uploaded to Wikipedia can be used. To upload images, use the upload page. You can find the uploaded image on the image list.
See the Wikipedia's image use policy for the policy used on Wikipedia.
For further help on images, including some more versatile abilities, see the picture tutorial and extended image syntax.
What you type | What it looks like | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
A picture: [[File:wiki.png]] |
A picture: | ||
With alternative text: [[File:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]] |
With alternative text: |
| |
With link: [[File:wiki.png|link=Wikipedia]] |
With link: |
| |
Floating to the right side of the page using the ''frame'' attribute and a caption: [[File:wiki.png|frame|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]] |
Floating to the right side of the page using the frame attribute and a caption: |
| |
Floating to the right side of the page using the ''thumb'' attribute and a caption: [[File:wiki.png|thumb|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]] |
Floating to the right side of the page using the thumb attribute and a caption: |
| |
Floating to the right side of the page ''without'' a caption: [[File:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia encyclopedia]] |
Floating to the right side of the page without a caption: |
| |
A picture resized to 30 pixels... [[File:wiki.png|30 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]] |
A picture resized to 30 pixels... |
| |
Linking directly to the description page of an image: [[:File:wiki.png]] |
Linking directly to the description page of an image: |
| |
Linking directly to an image without displaying it: [[Media:wiki.png|Image of jigsaw globe]] |
Linking directly to an image without displaying it: |
| |
Example:
<div style="display: inline; width: 220px; float: right;">
Place images here </div>
|
Example:
Place images here
|
Using the | |
Example: {| align=right |- | Place images here |} |
Example:
|
Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers). |
Tables
ਸੋਧੋThere are two ways to build tables:
- In special wiki-markup (see Help:Table).
- Using HTML elements:
<table>
,<tr>
,<td>
or<th>
.
See also When tables are appropriate.
References and citing sources
ਸੋਧੋMaking a reference citing a printed or online source can be accomplished by using the <ref>...</ref>
tags. Inside these tags details about the reference are added.
Details about the citation can be provided using a structure provided by various templates; the table below lists some typical citation components.
What it's for | What you type |
---|---|
To create the reference | <ref name="name for reference">Use a closing tag</ref>
|
To cite a book | {{cite book}}
|
To cite a web source | {{cite web}}
|
Book ISBN | |isbn=0-4397-0818-4 (ISBN of the book)
|
Web URL | |url=http://www.wikipedia.org
|
Title | |title=title of source
|
Author | |author=authors, use commas for multiple
|
First name | |first=first name
|
Last name | |last=last name
|
Location | |location=location of publisher
|
Publisher | |publisher=who published the source
|
Date | |date=2007-09-21 (date of source)
|
Year | |year=year of source
|
Accessed date | |accessdate=2008-12-25 (only if url= is included)
|
A complete reference tag | <ref name="WikiMarkup"> {{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup |title=Help:Wiki markup |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}} </ref>
|
Referencing this again | <ref name="WikiMarkup" />
|
Citation needed | {{Citation needed|{{subst:DATE}}}}
|
Templates and transcluding pages
ਸੋਧੋExamples for templates: {{pad|...}}, {{math|...}}, {{as of|...}}, {{edit}}
Templates are segments of wiki markup that are meant to be copied automatically ("transcluded") into a page. You add them by putting the template's name in {{double braces}}. It is also possible to transclude other pages by using {{:colon and double braces}}.
There are three pairs of tags that can be used in wikitext to control how transclusion affects parts of a template or article. They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in its own article, which we will call "here", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call "there".
- <noinclude>: the content will not be rendered there. These tags have no effect here.
- <includeonly>: the content will render only there, and will not render here (like invisible ink made visible by means of transclusion).
- <onlyinclude>: the content will render here and will render there, but it will only render there what is between these tags.
There can be several such section "elements". Also, they can be nested. All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render there one or more sections of the page here use <onlyinclude> tags. To append text there, wrap the addition in <includeonly> tags before, within, or after the section. To omit portions of the section, nest <noinclude> tags within it.
If a page is transcluded without transclusion markup, it may cause an unintentional categorization. Any page transcluding it will contain the same category as the original page. Wrap the category markup with <noinclude> tags to prevent incorrect categorization.
Some templates take parameters, as well, which you separate with the pipe character |
.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
{{Transclusion demo}} |
|
{{Help:Transclusion demo}} |
|
This template takes two parameters, and creates underlined text with a hover box for many modern browsers supporting CSS: {{H:title|This is the hover text| Hover your mouse over this text}} Go to this page to see the H:title template itself: {{tl|H:title}} |
This template takes two parameters, and creates underlined text with a hover box for many modern browsers supporting CSS: Hover your mouse over this text Go to this page to see the H:title template itself: {{H:title}} |
Talk and project pages
ਸੋਧੋThese are likely to be helpful on talk and project pages.
Signing comments
ਸੋਧੋ- The tilde character (~) is used when signing a comment on a talk page. Your username provides a link to your user page.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
You should sign your comments by appending four tildes to the comment, which adds your user name plus date/time. |
|
|
Adding three tildes will add just your user name. |
|
|
Adding five tildes gives the date/time alone. |
|
20:01, 3 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC) |
Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages
ਸੋਧੋ- The external link function is mainly used for these. Open an old revision or diff, and copy the URL from the address bar, pasting it where you want it.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
- You can also use an internal diff link. Unlike the template {{diff}}, this kind of link can even be used in edit summaries.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
- If the diff intended to be shown is between an immediately previous revision, the first parameter can be dropped.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
- For an old revision, you can also use a permalink. Though here only the main text is guaranteed to be retained (images and templates will be shown as they are today, not as they were at the time).
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
What links here, and recent changes linked
ਸੋਧੋ- The following markup can be used. For example, for the article Beetroot:
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
|
|
User edits
ਸੋਧੋ- Link to a user's contributions page.
Description | What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|---|
Username (registered users). | [[Special:Contributions/UserName]]
|
Special:Contributions/UserName |
IPv4 address (unregistered users). | [[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]
|
Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0 |
IPv6 address (unregistered users). | [[Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329]]
|
Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 |
Coloring and highlighting text
ਸੋਧੋ
- Using the {{Color}} and {{Font color}} templates:
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
I will change the color in the middle part of this sentence. |
|
This is how to highlight part of a sentence. |
Show deleted or inserted text
ਸੋਧੋ- When editing your own previous remarks in talk pages, it is sometimes appropriate to mark up deleted or inserted content:
- It is best to indicate deleted content using the strike-through markup
<s>...</s>
. - It is best to indicate inserted content using the underline markup
<u>...</u>
.
- It is best to indicate deleted content using the strike-through markup
- When editing regular Wikipedia articles, just make your changes, and do not mark them up in any special way. However, when the article itself discusses deleted or inserted content, such as an amendment to a statute:
- It is best to indicate deleted content using the strike-through markup
<del>...</del>
. - It is best to indicate inserted content using the underline markup
<ins>...</ins>
.
- It is best to indicate deleted content using the strike-through markup
Note: <s></s>
and <u></u>
(speced in HTML 3 & 4) are considerably more popular than <del></del>
and <ins></ins>
(speced in HTML 5) on Wikipedia.
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
|
You can |
Alternative markup:
|
You can |
Limiting formatting / escaping wiki markup
ਸੋਧੋA few different kinds of formatting will tell the wiki to display things as you typed them – what you see is what you get!
What you type | What it looks like |
---|---|
'''<nowiki> tag:''' <nowiki> The nowiki tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup''. It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces. It still interprets characters specified by &name;: → </nowiki> |
<nowiki> tag: The nowiki tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup''. It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces. It still interprets characters specified by &name;: → |
'''<pre> tag:''' <pre>The <pre> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup'' as does the <nowiki> tag. Additionally, <pre> displays in a mono-spaced font, and does not reformat text spaces. It still interprets special characters: → </pre> |
<pre> tag: The <pre> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup'' as does the <nowiki> tag. Additionally, <pre> displays in a mono-spaced font, and does not reformat text spaces. It still interprets special characters: → |
'''[Text without a URL]:''' Single square brackets holding [text without a HTTP URL] are preserved, but single square brackets containing a URL are treated as being an external [http://example.com/ Web link]. |
[Text without a URL]: Single square brackets holding [text without a HTTP URL] are preserved, but single square brackets containing a URL are treated as being an external Web link. |
'''Leading space:'''
Leading spaces are another way
to preserve formatting.
Putting a space at the
beginning of each line
stops the text from
being reformatted.
It still interprets [[wiki]]
''markup'' and special characters: &rarr;
|
Leading space: Leading spaces are another way to preserve formatting. Putting a space at the beginning of each line stops the text from being reformatted. It still interprets wiki markup and special characters: → |
Nowiki
ਸੋਧੋ<nowiki>...</nowiki>
and <nowiki />
tags stop parsing of wiki markup, except HTML character entity references (e.g., for special characters). Unlike <pre>
, "nowiki" doesn't change formatting.
An example of <nowiki>...</nowiki>
:
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki> |
{{cite book}} |
(However in this particular case probably you prefer {{tl|cite book}} to create a link as {{cite book}}, or {{tlf|cite book}} prints {{cite book}}.)
A singular <nowiki />
can be used to break wikimarkup.
- Markup such as
,*
,#
and;
only and always take effect at the beginning of a line. A:
<nowiki />
before the markup will cause the characters to not parse as markup. - An internal link immediately followed by characters are blended to form a single link. Where this is not desired, add a
<nowiki />
after the link. - HTML(-like) tags can be stopped parsing by inserting
<nowiki />
after the opening angle bracket.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
* Unordered list |
|
<nowiki />* Unordered list |
ਫਰਮਾ:Crlf2 * Unordered list |
A [[micro-]]second. |
A micro-second. |
A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second. |
A micro-second. |
'<nowiki />'We don't want italics.'<nowiki />' |
''We don't want italics.'' |
[[<nowiki />Example]] |
[[Example]] |
[<nowiki />[[Example]]] |
[Example] |
No <<nowiki />br />line break. But for tag pairs, you need nowiki for the closing tag, too. <<nowiki />pre>The following /pre is gone!</pre> |
No <br />line break. But for tag pairs, you need nowiki for the closing tag, too. <pre>The following /pre is gone!
|
If you want to write tags, {{tag}} template is handy. E.g. {{tag|nowiki}} prints <nowiki>...</nowiki>
.
HTML entities
<nowiki>
and <pre>
parse HTML entities. If you want to escape this, replace &
with &
.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<nowiki>&</nowiki> |
|
<nowiki><</nowiki> |
|
<nowiki>&amp;</nowiki> |
|
<nowiki>&lt;</nowiki> |
|
Use in templates
When used in a template, <nowiki>
simply does not work as you may expect.
- Including
<nowiki>
immediately acts upon the enclosed markup. Attempting to escape or transclude the brackets causes<nowiki />
to not work at all. - Using
works, but has major limitations:#tag:nowiki
- Templates, parameters, parser functions, and parser magic such as signatures are parsed, not nowikied.
- Included
<ref>
tags will expose the strip markers.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<nowiki>{{tl|cite book}}</nowiki> |
{{tl|cite book}} |
{{#tag:nowiki|{{tl|cite book}}}} |
{{[[Template:cite book|cite book]]}} |
{{#tag:nowiki|<ref>Text</ref>}} {{reflist}} |
|
Pre
ਸੋਧੋ<pre>
is a parser tag that emulates the HTML <pre>
tag. It defines preformatted text that is displayed in a fixed-width font and is enclosed in a dashed box. HTML and wiki markups are escaped and spaces and line breaks are preserved, but HTML entities are parsed.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
<pre><!--Comment--> [[wiki]] markup &</pre> |
<!--Comment--> [[wiki]] markup & |
<pre>
formatted text does not wrap, thus text may extend past the browser window:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
To resolve this, <pre>
may use CSS styling to add wrapping or a horizontal scrollbar:
- Wrapping:
<pre style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;">
- Scroll bar:
<pre style="overflow:auto; width:auto;">
Alternatively, consider using {{pre2}} template or <syntaxhighlight lang="text">...</syntaxhighlight>
.
Invisible text (comments)
ਸੋਧੋIt's uncommon – but on occasion acceptable for notes to other editors – to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. These comments are only visible when editing or viewing the source of a page. Most comments should go on the appropriate Talk page. The format is to surround the hidden text with "<!--
" and "-->
" and may cover several lines, e.g.:
<!-- An example of hidden comments This won't be visible except in "edit" mode. -->
Another way to include a comment in the wiki markup uses the {{Void}} template, which can be abbreviated as {{^}}. This template "expands" to the empty string, generating no HTML output; it is visible only to people editing the wiki source. Thus {{^|A lengthy comment here}}
operates similarly to the comment <!-- A lengthy comment here -->
. The main difference is that the template version can be nested, while attempting to nest HTML comments produces odd results.
Variables
ਸੋਧੋਨੇਮਸਪੇਸਾਂ | |||
---|---|---|---|
ਨੇਮਸਪੇਸ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ | ਨੇਮਸਪੇਸ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | ||
0 | (ਮੁੱਖ/ਲੇਖ) | ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 1 |
2 | ਵਰਤੋਂਕਾਰ | ਵਰਤੋਂਕਾਰ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 3 |
4 | ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ | ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 5 |
6 | ਤਸਵੀਰ | ਤਸਵੀਰ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 7 |
8 | ਮੀਡੀਆਵਿਕੀ | ਮੀਡੀਆਵਿਕੀ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 9 |
10 | ਫਰਮਾ | ਫਰਮਾ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 11 |
12 | ਮਦਦ | ਮਦਦ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 13 |
14 | ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ | ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 15 |
100 | ਫਾਟਕ | ਫਾਟਕ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 101 |
118 | [[ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਡਰਾਫਟ|]] | 119 | |
710 | TimedText | TimedText talk | 711 |
828 | ਮੌਡਿਊਲ | ਮੌਡਿਊਲ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ | 829 |
Deprecated | |||
2300 | [[ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਗੈਜੇਟ|]] | 2301 | |
2302 | [[ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਗੈਜੇਟ|]] | 2303 | |
ਇੰਸਟਾਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ | |||
90 | ਥਰਿੱਡ | ਥਰਿੱਡ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 91 |
92 | ਸੰਖੇਪ | ਸੰਖੇਪ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 93 |
108 | ਪੁਸਤਕਾਂ | Book ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 109 |
442 | ਕੋਰਸ | Course ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 443 |
444 | ਇੰਸਟੀਟਿਊਸ਼ਨ | ਇੰਸਟੀਟਿਊਸ਼ਨ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 445 |
446 | ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮ | ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ | 447 |
2600 | ਵਿਸ਼ਾ | 2601 | |
ਬਣਾਵਟੀ ਨੇਮਸਪੇਸਾਂ | |||
-1 | ਖ਼ਾਸ | ||
-2 | ਮੀਡੀਆ | ||
Current list (API call) |
Code | Effect | Notes |
---|---|---|
{{CURRENTWEEK}} | 49 | |
{{CURRENTDOW}} | 2 |
Monday = 1, Tuesday = 2, etc., but Sunday = 0 |
{{CURRENTMONTH}} | 12 | |
{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} | ਦਸੰਬਰ | |
{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} | ਦਸੰਬਰ | |
{{CURRENTDAY}} | 3 | |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} | ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ | |
{{CURRENTYEAR}} | 2024 | |
{{CURRENTTIME}} | 20:01 | |
{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} | 55,279 | |
{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} | 1,79,872 | |
{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} | 51,939 | |
{{PAGENAME}} | Wiki markup | |
{{NAMESPACE}} | ਮਦਦ | |
{{REVISIONID}} | - | |
{{REVISIONUSER}} | Satnam S Virdi | |
{{localurl:pagename}} | /wiki/Pagename | |
{{localurl:Wikipedia:Sandbox|action=edit}} | /w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:Sandbox&action=edit | |
{{fullurl:pagename}} | //pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename | |
{{fullurl:pagename|query_string}} | //pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&query_string | |
{{SERVER}} | //pa.wikipedia.org | |
{{ns:1}} | ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ |
{{ns:index}} e.g. {{ns:1}} → full name of namespace |
{{SITENAME}} | ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ |
{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} is the number of pages in the main namespace which contain a link and are not a redirect. This includes full articles, stubs containing a link, and disambiguation pages.
{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} is the genitive (possessive) grammatical form of the month name, as used in some languages but not in English; {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} is the nominative (subject) form, as usually seen in English.
In languages where it makes a difference, you can use constructs like {{grammar:case|word}}
to convert a word from the nominative case to some other case. For example, {{grammar:genitive|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}
means the same as {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}
.
HTML
ਸੋਧੋMany HTML tags can be used in wiki markup. You can check your HTML by using markup validation.
See also
ਸੋਧੋSee the 'Coding wiki markup' section of the Help navigation navbox below for additional links.
- Help:Magic links: magic links are automatic links for certain unique identifiers that require no markup.
- Wikipedia:Extended image syntax: advanced visual file markup.
- Help:A quick guide to templates: an introduction to templates.
- Help:Substitution: substitution is an alternative way of including templates than transclusion
- Help:Score: how to render musical scores.
- Help:Displaying a formula: displaying mathematical formulae.