ਯੁੱਗ

ਇੱਕ ਯੁੱਗ, ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ, ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।^[1]^[2]

ਰਿਗਵੇਦ ਵਿੱਚ, ਇੱਕ ਯੁੱਗ ਪੀੜ੍ਹੀਆਂ, ਇੱਕ ਲੰਮੀ ਮਿਆਦ, ਇੱਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਸੰਖੇਪ ਅਵਧੀ, ਜਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਪੰਜਾਲੀ (ਦੋ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਜੁੜਨਾ) ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ।^[3] ਮਹਾਂਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ, ਯੁੱਗ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਪ (ਬ੍ਰਹਮਾ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਦਿਨ) ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਚਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਨਾਸ਼ ਦੇ ਚੱਕਰ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇ ਬਦਲੇ ਵਰਤੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ।^[4]

"ਯੁੱਗ" ਨਾਮ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਕਟੂਰ-ਯੁੱਗ (ਉਚਾਰਿਆ ਚਤੁਰ ਯੁੱਗ) ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ, ਚਾਰ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਯੁੱਗਾਂ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਚੱਕਰ, ਉਦਾਹਰਨ ਲਈ, ਸੂਰਯ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਅਤੇ ਭਗਵਦ ਗੀਤਾ (ਮਹਾਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ) ਵਿੱਚ, ਜਦੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਕਿ ਸਪਸ਼ਟ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸੀਮਿਤ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੇ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਨਾਬਾਲਗ ਯੁੱਗਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਦਾ ਨਾਮ: ਕ੍ਰਿਤਾ (ਸਤਿਆ) ਯੁੱਗ, ਤ੍ਰੇਤਾ ਯੁੱਗ, ਦਵਾਪਰ ਯੁੱਗ, ਜਾਂ ਕਲਿਯੁੱਗ।^[1]^[5]^{[lower-alpha 1]}

ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਭਿਅਤਾ

ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਭਿਅਤਾ ਦੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਨੂੰ ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਯੁੱਗਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ:

ਪੂਰਵ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ (ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਤੋਂ - 3000 ਈਸਾਪੂਰਵ ਤੱਕ)
ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਯੁੱਗ (3000 ਈਸਾਪੂਰਵ - 476 ਈਸਵੀ)
ਮੱਧ ਯੁੱਗ (476 - 1492 ਈਸਵੀ)
- ਉੱਚ ਮੱਧ ਯੁੱਗ (476 - 1000 ਈਸਵੀ)
- ਦੇਰ ਮੱਧ ਯੁੱਗ( 1000 - 492 ਈਸਵੀ)
ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਯੁੱਗ (1492 - 1789 ਈਸਵੀ)
ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਯੁੱਗ (1789 ਈਸਵੀ ਤੋਂ ਅੱਜ ਤੱਕ)

ਨੋਟ

↑ ਆਮ ਸ਼ਬਦ "Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found." ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਵਧੇਰੇ ਖਾਸ ਸ਼ਬਦ "Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found." ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਏ ਕਲਪ ਨੂੰ ਭਗਵਤ ਪੁਰਾਣ 12.4.2 ("Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.) ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਾਈ 1,000 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ")^[6] and Bhagavad Gita 8.17 ("Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.").^[7]

ਹਵਾਲੇ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Yuga". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
↑ Sundarraj, M. (1997) [1st ed. 1994]. "Ch. 4 Asvins⁠—Time-Keepers". In Mahalingam, N. (ed.). RG Vedic Studies. Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press. p. 219. It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'.
↑ Kane, P. V. (September 1936). Sukthankar, V. S.; Fyzee, A. A. A.; Bhagwat, N. K. (eds.). "Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)". Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12. The Asiatic Society of Bombay: 1–2. The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...
↑ Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika et al., eds. (2018). "Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 415. doi:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020. ISBN 978-90-04-17641-6. ISSN 2212-5019. "The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).".
↑ Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (1935) [1st ed. 1860]. Gangooly, Phanindralal (ed.). Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix. University of Calcutta. p. 9. The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.
↑ "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2". Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.
↑ "Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17". Bhaktivedanta Vedabase (in ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ and ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Translated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1968. LCCN 68008322. ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ Q854700. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.] taken together form the duration of Brahmā's one day. And such also is the duration of his night.

[8] ਆਮ ਸ਼ਬਦ "Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found." ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਵਧੇਰੇ ਖਾਸ ਸ਼ਬਦ "Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found." ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਏ ਕਲਪ ਨੂੰ ਭਗਵਤ ਪੁਰਾਣ 12.4.2 ("Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.) ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਾਈ 1,000 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found. ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ")^[6] and Bhagavad Gita 8.17 ("Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.").^[7]

[Dictionary.com_yuga-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Yuga". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2021-02-27.

[2] Sundarraj, M. (1997) [1st ed. 1994]. "Ch. 4 Asvins⁠—Time-Keepers". In Mahalingam, N. (ed.). RG Vedic Studies. Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press. p. 219. It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'.

[3] Kane, P. V. (September 1936). Sukthankar, V. S.; Fyzee, A. A. A.; Bhagwat, N. K. (eds.). "Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)". Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12. The Asiatic Society of Bombay: 1–2. The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...

[4] Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika et al., eds. (2018). "Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 415. doi:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020. ISBN 978-90-04-17641-6. ISSN 2212-5019. "The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).".

[5] Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (1935) [1st ed. 1860]. Gangooly, Phanindralal (ed.). Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix. University of Calcutta. p. 9. The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.

[6] "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2". Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.

[7] "Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17". Bhaktivedanta Vedabase (in ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ and ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Translated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1968. LCCN 68008322. ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ Q854700. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.
(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Lang/data/iana scripts' not found.] taken together form the duration of Brahmā's one day. And such also is the duration of his night.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[lower-alpha 1]

[6]

[7]