ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ

ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦਾ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ ਜੇਤੂ

ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦਾ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ (ਸਵੀਡਨੀ: Nobelpriset i litteratur) ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੇ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਲਈ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼ ਅਕੈਡਮੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸਲਾਨਾ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਐਲਫਰੈਡ ਨੋਬੇਲ ਦੀ 1895 ਦੀ ਵਸੀਅਤ ਨਾਲ ਸਥਾਪਿਤ ਪੰਜ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰਾਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਕੈਮਿਸਟਰੀ, ਫਿਜ਼ਿਕਸ, ਸਾਹਿਤ, ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ, ਅਤੇ ਫਿਜ਼ੀਓਲੋਜੀ ਜਾਂ ਦਵਾਈਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਲਈ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।[1]  ਨੋਬਲ ਦੀ ਵਸੀਅਤ ਦੇ ਆਦੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਇਸ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਇੰਤਜ਼ਾਮ ਨੋਬਲ ਫਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ ਚਲਾਉਂਦੀ, ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼ ਅਕੈਡਮੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਚੁਣੀ ਇੱਕ ਪੰਜ ਮੈਂਬਰੀ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਸਨਮਾਨ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। [2] ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ 1901 ਵਿੱਚ ਫਰਾਂਸ ਦੇ ਸੁੱਲੀ ਪਰੁਧੋਮ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। [3] ਹਰੇਕ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤਕਰਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਤਮਗਾ, ਇੱਕ ਡਿਪਲੋਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਮੁਦਰਾ-ਰਾਸੀ ਐਵਾਰਡ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਸਮੇਂ ਸਮੇਂ ਭਿੰਨ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।[4] 1901 ਵਿੱਚ, ਪ੍ਰੌਧਮ ਨੂੰ 150,782 ਸੇਕ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੋਇਆ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਜਨਵਰੀ 2018 ਵਿੱਚ 8,823,637.78 ਸੇਕ ਦੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ 10 ਦਸੰਬਰ ਨੂੰ ਨੋਬਲ ਦੀ ਮੌਤ ਦੀ ਬਰਸੀ ਮੌਕੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲਾਨਾ ਸਮਾਗਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਟਾਕਹੋਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। [5]

ਸਵੀਡਨੀ ਅਕੈਡਮੀ ਦਾ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸਥਾਈ ਸਕੱਤਰ, ਹੋਰੇਸ ਏਂਗਡਾਹਲ ਐਲਾਨ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ,ਕਿ ਜੇ ਐਮ ਜੀ ਲੇ ਕਲੇਜ਼ੀਓ  2008 ਦਾ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦਾ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਜਿੱਤਿਆ ਹੈ। 

2017 ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ 114 ਵਿਅਕਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।[6] 1958 ਵਿੱਚ ਰੂਸ-ਜਨਮੇ ਬੋਰਿਸ ਪਾਸਤਰਨਾਕ ਨੂੰ ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ ਦੀ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਦਬਾਅ ਹੇਠ ਅਵਾਰਡ ਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। 1964 ਵਿੱਚ, ਯਾਂ-ਪਾਲ ਸਾਰਤਰ ਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਲੈਣਾ ਚਾਹੁੰਦਾ,[7] ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਉਸਨੇ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸਨਮਾਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਸੀ। [8] ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਨੋਬਲ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਇਨਕਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਵੀਕਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਦੀ, ਅਤੇ ਪਾਸ਼ਤਰਨਾਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਰਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਲੈਣ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ।[9]

ਚੌਦਾਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੇ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਜਿੱਤਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਨੋਬਲ ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਹੈ। .[10][11] ਸਾਰੇ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ, ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਚਾਰ ਵਾਰ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਮੌਕੇ ਆਏ ਹਨ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਦੋ ਵਿਅਕਤੀਆਂ (1904, 1917, 1966, 1974) ਨੂੰ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਸੱਤ ਸਾਲ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦਾ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ (1914, 1918, 1935, 1940-1943) ਨਹੀਂ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ।   ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਫਰਾਂਸ ਤੋਂ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ, ਕੁੱਲ ਗਿਣਤੀ 16 ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦੇ ਗਿਆਰਾਂ ਗਿਆਰਾਂ ਹਨ। 

ਨੋਬਲ

ਸੋਧੋ
ਸਾਲ ਤਸਵੀਰ ਜੇਤੂ ਦੇਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ(ਵਾਂ) ਹਵਾਲਾ Genre(s)
1901   ਸੁੱਲੀ ਪਰੁਧੋਮ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance French "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[12] poetry, essay
1902   ਥੀਓਡੋਆ ਮਮਸੇਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data German EmpireGermany German "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[13] history, law
1903   ਬਿਓਰਨਸਟਰਨ ਬਿਓਰਨਸਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Union between Sweden and NorwayNorway Norwegian "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[14] poetry, novel, drama
1904    ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance Provençal "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[15] poetry, philology
  ਖੋਸੇ ਏਚੇਗਰਾਏ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Restoration (Spain)Spain Spanish "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama" drama
1905   ਹੈਨਰਿਕ ਸੈਂਕੀਏਵਿੱਚ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data PolandPoland

(born in Russian empire)

Polish "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[16] novel
1906   Giosuè Carducci  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Kingdom of ItalyItaly Italian "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[17] poetry
1907   ਰੁਡੂਆਰਡ ਕਿਪਲਿੰਗ    United KingdomUnited Kingdom English "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"[18] novel, short story, poetry
1908   ਰੁਡੋਲਫ਼ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ ਯੂਕੇਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data German EmpireGermany German "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"[19] philosophy
1909   ਸੇਲਮਾ ਲਾਗੇਰਲੋਫ਼    SwedenSweden Swedish "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[20] novel, short story
1910   ਪਾਲ ਹਾਇਜ਼  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data German EmpireGermany German "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[21] poetry, drama, novel, short story
1911   ਮੋਹਿਜ਼ ਮੈਤਿਆਲਿੰਕ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data BelgiumBelgium French "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[22] drama, poetry, essay
1912   ਗੇਰਹਾਰਟ ਹੌਪਟਮਾਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data German EmpireGermany German "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"[23] drama, novel
1913   ਰਬਿੰਦਰਨਾਥ ਟੈਗੋਰ    India (formerly British Raj)India (formerly British Raj) Bengali and English "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[24] poetry, novel, drama, short story, music
1914 Not awarded
1915   ਰੋਮਾਂ ਰੋਲਾਂ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance French "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[25] novel
1916      SwedenSweden Swedish "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[26] poetry, novel
1917   ਕਾਰਲ ਐਡੌਲਫ ਗੇਲੇਰੋਪ    DenmarkDenmark Danish "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[27] poetry
  ਹੈਨਰਿਕ ਪੋਂਟੋਪਿਦਨ    DenmarkDenmark Danish "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark" novel
1918 Not awarded
1919   ਕਾਰਲ ਸਪਿੱਟਲਰ     SwitzerlandSwitzerland German "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[28] poetry
1920   Knut Hamsun    NorwayNorway Norwegian "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[29] novel
1921   ਅਨਾਤੋਲੇ ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance French "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[30] novel, poetry
1922   ਖਾਸਿੰਤੋ ਬਿਨਾਵੇਂਤੇ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Restoration (Spain)Spain Spanish "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"[31] drama
1923   ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਬਟਲਰ ਯੇਟਸ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Irish Free StateIreland English "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[32] poetry
1924   ਵਲਾਦੀਸਲਾਵ ਰੇਮੌਂਤ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Second Polish RepublicPoland Polish "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[33] novel
1925 ਤਸਵੀਰ:Bernard-Shaw-ILN-1911-original.jpg ਜਾਰਜ ਬਰਨਾਰਡ ਸ਼ਾਅ    IrelandIreland[34] English "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[35] drama, literary criticism
1926   ਗਰਾਸੀਆ ਦੇਲੇਦਾ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Kingdom of ItalyItaly Italian "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[36] poetry, novel
1927   ਹੈਨਰੀ ਬਰਗਸਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance French "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[37] philosophy
1928      NorwayNorway

(Born in Denmark)

Norwegian "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[38] novel
1929   ਥਾਮਸ ਮਾਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Weimar RepublicGermany German "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[39] novel, short story, essay
1930   ਸਿਨਕਲੇਅਰ ਲੁਈਸ    United States English "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[40] novel, short story, drama
1931   ਏਰਿਕ ਐਕਸਲ ਕਾਰਲਫੈਲਡਟ    SwedenSweden Swedish "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[41] poetry
1932   ਜੌਹਨ ਗਾਲਜਵਰਦੀ    United Kingdom English "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[42] novel
1933   ਇਵਾਨ ਬੂਨਿਨ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance

(Born in Russian Empire)

Russian "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[43] short story, poetry, novel
1934   ਲੂਈਜੀ ਪਿਰਾਂਦੈਲੋ    ItalyItaly Italian "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"[44] drama, novel, short story
1935 Not awarded
1936   ਯੂਜੀਨ ਓਨੀਲ    United States English "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[45] drama
1937    ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Third RepublicFrance French "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"[46] novel
1938   ਪਰਲ ਐੱਸ ਬੱਕ    United States English "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[47] novel, biography
1939   ਫ਼ਰੰਸ ਏਮੀਲ ਸਿਲੰਪਾ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data FinlandFinland Finnish "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[48] novel
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 Not awarded
1944   ਜੋਹਾਨਸ ਵਿਲਹੈਲਮ ਜੇਨਸਨ    DenmarkDenmark Danish "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[49] poetry
1945   ਗਾਬਰੀਏਲਾ ਮਿਸਤਰਾਲ    ChileChile Spanish "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[50] poetry
1946   ਹਰਮਨ ਹੈੱਸ     SwitzerlandSwitzerland

(Born in Germany)

German "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[51] novel, poetry
1947   ਆਂਦਰੇ ਯੀਦ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Fourth RepublicFrance French "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[52] novel, essay
1948   ਟੀ ਐਸ ਈਲੀਅਟ    United Kingdom

(Born in the United States)

English "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[53] poetry
1949   ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਫ਼ਾਕਨਰ    United States English "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[54] novel, short story
1950   ਬਰਟਰੈਂਡ ਰਸਲ    United Kingdom English "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[55] philosophy
1951   ਪਾਰ ਲਾਗੇਰਕਵਿਸਟ    SwedenSweden Swedish "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[56] poetry, novel, short story, drama
1952   ਫ੍ਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਮੌਰਿਆਕ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Fourth RepublicFrance French "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[57] novel, short story
1953   ਵਿੰਸਟਨ ਚਰਚਿਲ    United Kingdom English "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[58] history, essay, memoirs
1954   ਅਰਨੈਸਟ ਹੈਮਿੰਗਵੇ    United States English "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[59] novel, short story, screenplay
1955   ਹਲਡੋਰ ਲੈਕਸਨਸ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data IcelandIceland Icelandic "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[60] novel, short story, drama, poetry
1956   ਖ਼ਵਨ ਰਮਨ ਹਿਮੇਨੇਜ਼    SpainSpain Spanish "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[61] poetry
1957   ਅਲਬੇਰ ਕਾਮੂ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data French Fourth RepublicFrance

(Born in French Algeria)

French "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[62] novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay
1958   ਬੋਰਿਸ ਪਾਸਤਰਨਾਕ    Soviet Union Russian "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[63] novel, poetry, translation
1959   ਸਾਲਵਾਤੋਰੇ ਕੁਆਸੀਮੋਦੋ    ItalyItaly Italian "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[64] poetry
1960   ਸੇਂਟ-ਜੌਹਨ ਪਰਸ    France

(Born in Guadeloupe)

French "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[65] poetry
1961   ਈਵੋ ਆਂਦਰਿਚ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data YugoslaviaYugoslavia

(Born in Austria-Hungary)

Serbo-Croatian[66] "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[67] novel, short story
1962   ਜੌਨ ਸਟਾਈਨਬੈਕ    United States English "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[68] novel, short story, screenplay
1963   ਜੋਰਗੋਸ ਸੇਫ਼ੇਰਿਸ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Kingdom of GreeceGreece

(Born in the Ottoman Empire)

Greek "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[69] poetry, essay, memoirs
1964   ਯਾਂ ਪਾਲ ਸਾਰਤਰ    France French "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[70] novel, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay
1965 102x102px ਮਿਖਾਇਲ ਸ਼ੋਲੋਖੋਵ    Soviet Union Russian "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[71] novel
1966   ਸ਼ਮੂਏਲ ਯੋਸਫ਼ ਅਗਨੋਨ    IsraelIsrael

(Born in Austria-Hungary)

Hebrew "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[72] novel, short story
  ਨੈਲੀ ਸਾਕਸ    SwedenSweden

(Born in Germany)

German "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" poetry, drama
1967   ਮਿਗੂਏਲ ਐਂਜਲ ਅਸਤੂਰੀਅਸ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data GuatemalaGuatemala Spanish "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[73] novel, poetry
1968   ਯਾਸੂਨਾਰੀ ਕਾਵਾਬਾਤਾ    JapanJapan Japanese "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[74] novel, short story
1969   ਸੈਮੂਅਲ ਬੈਕਟ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Irish Free StateIreland English and French "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[75] novel, drama, poetry
1970   ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਸੋਲਜ਼ੇਨਿਤਸਿਨ    Soviet Union Russian "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[76] novel
1971   ਪਾਬਲੋ ਨੇਰੂਦਾ    ChileChile Spanish "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[77] poetry
1972   ਹਾਈਨਰਿਸ਼ ਬਲ  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data West GermanyWest Germany German "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[78] novel, short story
1973   ਪੈਟਰਿਕ ਵਾਈਟ    AustraliaAustralia

(Born in the United Kingdom)

English "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[79] novel, short story, drama
1974   Eyvind Johnson    SwedenSweden Swedish "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[80] novel
  Harry Martinson    SwedenSweden Swedish "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos" poetry, novel, drama
1975   Eugenio Montale    ItalyItaly Italian "for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[81] poetry
1976 77x77px Saul Bellow    United States

(Born in Canada)

English "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[82] novel, short story
1977   Vicente Aleixandre    SpainSpain Spanish "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"[83] poetry
1978   Isaac Bashevis Singer    United States

(Born in Poland)

Yiddish "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[84] novel, short story, memoirs
1979   Odysseas Elytis  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data GreeceGreece Greek "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[85] poetry, essay
1980 Czesław Miłosz  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data PolandPoland (born in Lithuania) Polish "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[86] poetry, essay
1981   Elias Canetti    United Kingdom

(Born in Bulgaria)

German "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[87] novel, drama, memoirs, essay
1982   Gabriel García Márquez  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data ColombiaColombia Spanish "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[88] novel, short story, screenplay
1983   William Golding    United Kingdom English "for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[89] novel, poetry, drama
1984   Jaroslav Seifert  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

(Born in Austria-Hungary)

Czech "for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[90] poetry
1985   Claude Simon    France

(Born in French Madagascar)

French "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[91] novel
1986   Wole Soyinka  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data NigeriaNigeria English "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"[92] drama, novel, poetry
1987   Joseph Brodsky    United States

(Born in the Soviet Union)

Russian and English "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[93] poetry, essay
1988   Naguib Mahfouz  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data EgyptEgypt Arabic "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[94] novel
1989   Camilo José Cela    SpainSpain Spanish "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[95] novel, short story
1990   Octavio Paz    MexicoMexico Spanish "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[96] poetry, essay
1991   Nadine Gordimer    South AfricaSouth Africa English "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[97] novel, short story, essay
1992   Derek Walcott  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Saint LuciaSaint Lucia English "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[98] poetry, drama
1993   Toni Morrison    United States English "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[99] novel
1994   Kenzaburō Ōe    JapanJapan Japanese "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[100] novel, short story
1995   Seamus Heaney    IrelandIreland

(Born in Northern Ireland)

English "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[101] poetry
1996   Wisława Szymborska  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data PolandPoland Polish "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[102] poetry
1997   Dario Fo    ItalyItaly Italian "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[103] drama
1998   José Saramago    PortugalPortugal Portuguese "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[104] novel, drama, poetry
1999   Günter Grass    GermanyGermany German "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[105] novel, drama, poetry
2000   Gao Xingjian    France (since 1998)

   ChinaChina (1940–1998)

Chinese "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"[106] novel, drama, literary criticism
2001   V. S. Naipaul    United Kingdom

(Born in Trinidad & Tobago)

English "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[107] novel, essay
2002   Imre Kertész  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data HungaryHungary Hungarian "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[108] novel
2003   J. M. Coetzee    AustraliaAustralia (Born in South Africa) English "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[109] novel, essay, translation
2004   Elfriede Jelinek  ਫਰਮਾ:Country data AustriaAustria German "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[110] novel, drama
2005   Harold Pinter    United Kingdom English "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[111] drama, screenplay
2006   Orhan Pamuk    TurkeyTurkey Turkish "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[112] novel, screenplay, essay
2007   Doris Lessing    United Kingdom

(Born in Iran)

English "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[113] novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs
2008   J. M. G. Le Clézio    France

 ਫਰਮਾ:Country data MauritiusMauritius

French "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[114] novel, short story, essay, translation
2009   Herta Müller    GermanyGermany

(Born in Romania)

German "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[115] novel, poetry
2010   Mario Vargas Llosa    PeruPeru

   SpainSpain

Spanish "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[116] novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs
2011   Tomas Tranströmer    SwedenSweden Swedish "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[117] poetry, translation
2012   Mo Yan    ChinaChina Chinese "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"[118] novel, short story
2013   Alice Munro    CanadaCanada English "master of the contemporary short story"[119] short story
2014   Patrick Modiano    France French "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[120] novel
2015   Svetlana Alexievich    BelarusBelarus

(Born in the Soviet Union)

Russian "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[121] history, essay
2016   Bob Dylan    United States English "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[122] poetry, songwriting
2017   Kazuo Ishiguro    United Kingdom (born in Japan) English "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[123] novel

ਹਵਾਲੇ

ਸੋਧੋ
  1. ↑ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ↑ "Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature | Nobel Prize in Literature". Encyclopedia Britannica (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  6. ↑ "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  7. ↑ Flood, Alison (2015-01-05). "Jean-Paul Sartre rejected Nobel prize in a letter to jury that arrived too late". The Guardian (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ (ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ)). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  8. ↑ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2008-10-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ↑ "Bob Dylan removes mention of Nobel prize from website". The Guardian. 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
  10. ↑ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  11. ↑ "Nobel Prize winners: How many women have won awards?". Telegraph.co.uk (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  12. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  13. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  14. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  15. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  16. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  17. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  18. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  19. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  20. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  21. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  22. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  23. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  24. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  25. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1915". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  26. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1916". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  27. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1917". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  28. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  29. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  30. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  31. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  32. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1923". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  33. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1924". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  34. ↑ "George Bernard Shaw | Irish dramatist and critic". Encyclopedia Britannica (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  35. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  36. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  37. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  38. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  39. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  40. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  41. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  42. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1932". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  43. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  44. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  45. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  46. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  47. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  48. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  49. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  50. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  51. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  52. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  53. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1948". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  54. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  55. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  56. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  57. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  58. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  59. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  60. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  61. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  62. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  63. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  64. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  65. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  66. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  67. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  68. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  69. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  70. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  71. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  72. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  73. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  74. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  75. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  76. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  77. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  78. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  79. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  80. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  81. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  82. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  83. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  84. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  85. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  86. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  87. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  88. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  89. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  90. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  91. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  92. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  93. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  94. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  95. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  96. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  97. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  98. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  99. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  100. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  101. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  102. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  103. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  104. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  105. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  106. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  107. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  108. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  109. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  110. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  111. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  112. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  113. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  114. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  115. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  116. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  117. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  118. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  119. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2013". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  120. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  121. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  122. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2016" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  123. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 – Press Release". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
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